L W Li, J Sun

Journal of Physics: Conference Series • 2023

Abstract In this paper, a continuous delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter with a low power, single-ring, third-order mixed integrator for bio-electricity signal acquisition is proposed. For the trade-off between low power consumption and high resolution, the Active-RC integrator is used in the first-order of the third-order feedforward modulator and the Gm-C integrator with improved linearity is adopted for the second and third order integrators. Because of the infinite resistance provided by the Gm-C integrator, the first-order integrator can replace the traditional second-order operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with a single-stage OTA operating in the weak invert region to achieve low power consumption and ensure the output swing of the first-order integrator. The structure of cascade-of-integrators with feedforward (CIFF) can scale the output voltage values of three integrators and reduce the requirement of linearity of the Gm-C integrator, to reduce the design difficulty of the Gm-C integrator. In addition, the linearity of the second and third-order Gm-C integrator is improved by using the auxiliary difference pair OTA with source-level negative feedback. Therefore, the matching between the circuit structure and the model coefficients is improved significantly.

Sapta Nugraha, Rohani Br. Siagian, Tonny Suhendra et al.

BIO Web of Conferences • 2024

The growing demand for electrical energy in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within the maritime sector, necessitates efficient and cost-effective monitoring systems. This paper presents the design and implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based real-time monitoring system for electricity consumption, specifically aimed at maritime SMEs. Using SCT-013-000 and ZMPT101B sensors for current and voltage measurements, the system enables remote monitoring through the Cayenne IoT platform. Experimental results demonstrate an average accuracy rate of 93.94% for current measurement and 98.50% for voltage measurement. Data transmission success rates were 74.00% and 99.02% in two consecutive tests. The proposed system provides an affordable and practical solution for maritime SMEs, contributing to improved energy management, reduced operational costs, and the promotion of sustainable practices. Future work includes the integration of predictive analytics and smart grid technology to further enhance energy efficiency and sustainability in maritime operations.

Sutoyo Sutoyo, Andika Wisnujati, Ferriawan Yudhanto et al.

BIO Web of Conferences • 2024

The integration of solar lighting systems in public facilities represents a progressive effort to build smart electricity infrastructure. By harnessing renewable solar energy, these systems reduce dependence on traditional power sources, contributing to significant decreases in carbon emissions and operational costs. The PCM Playen building was built in an area of 600 m 2 , has two floors with an area of 200 m 2 each. However, the PCM Playen building has not been supported by adequate facilities and infrastructure, especially lighting. This causes the location of the building to be dark and does not support activities at night. PCM Playen's building is in an area adjacent to the river with many trees, causing a dark and uncomfortable atmosphere especially at night. Some emergency installations are installed in areas of the building with inappropriate conditions. Therefore, it is considered necessary and urgent to immediately provide solutions to the conditions and problems of the lighting system. One of the solutions chosen is the utilization of renewable energy sources through the application of solar electricity. Solar lighting not only enhances energy efficiency but also aligns with the principles of sustainable urban development. The incorporation of advanced technologies enables remote monitoring and automated control, optimizing energy use and improving public safety and convenience. This paper explores the multifaceted benefits of solar lighting systems in public facilities, highlighting their role in fostering a sustainable and intelligent energy ecosystem.

Yuxin Zhai, Haiyan Wang, Fu Zhao et al.

Volume 4: Bio and Sustainable Manufacturing • 2017

The scheduling of manufacturing equipment is critical in production facilities. Research on production scheduling has traditionally focused on component throughput and cycle time. However, the increase of electricity price in the United States following the market deregulation in 1990s has led to efforts to reduce energy cost via manufacturing scheduling. This paper explores the possibility of reducing electricity cost of a manufacturing facility subject to real time electricity pricing by dynamically changing operation schedules, while maintaining a pre-determined production throughput. A time series model is developed to forecast the hourly electricity price and time-indexed integer programming is used to determine the manufacturing schedule. The electricity price forecast is updated every hour based on the price history, and manufacturing schedule is updated according to the updated price forecast. A hypothetical flow line with 3 processes operating 16 hours per day is used as a case study. The line has a limited public buffer between processes and all machines in the shop have three operational states. With a throughput of 60 parts per day, the results suggest that it is possible to reduce the cost by 3.6% using an hourly forecast compared with a schedule based on a day-ahead price forecast.

Giorgia De Gioannis, Alessandro Dell'Era, Aldo Muntoni et al.

Research Square • 2021

Abstract This study investigated the performance of a novel integrated bio-electrochemical system for synergistic hydrogen production from a process combining a dark fermentation reactor and a galvanic cell. The operating principle of the system is based on the electrochemical conversion of protons released upon dissociation of the acid metabolites of the biological process and is mediated by the electron flow from the galvanic cell, coupling biochemical and electrochemical hydrogen production. Accordingly, the galvanic compartment also generates electricity. Four different experimental setups were designed to provide a preliminary assessment of the integrated bio-electrochemical process and identify the optimal configuration for further tests. Subsequently, dark fermentation of cheese whey was implemented both in a stand-alone biochemical reactor and in the integrated bio-electrochemical process. The integrated system achieved a hydrogen yield in the range 75.5 – 78.8 N LH 2 /kg TOC, showing a 3 times improvement over the biochemical process.

Kene N. Piasta, Christopher Miller

The Biochemist • 2011

In an issue devoted to sensory phenomena, it may seem odd to include an article on sensing something that we cannot consciously perceive: electric force. Of course, we can sense the dramatic power of a lightning bolt: we see the flash, hear the boom, feel the rumble, and, if we're close enough, smell and taste the ozone produced. Lightning is caused by an enormous electric field that develops under a thundercloud due to the separation of electrical charges between the cloud and the earth. Almost 250 years after Benjamin Franklin's kite-in-the-storm experiment, we still don't fully understand how this charge separation is generated. But it's nevertheless a fact that if you are standing under a thundercloud, you are immersed in a large vertically directed electric field, typically a few hundred volts between your head and your feet. Just before a lightning strike, this electric field becomes large enough to literally rip gas molecules in the air apart by pulling negatively charged electrons in one direction – towards the positively charged ground – and positive nuclei towards the negative cloud. Once a column of air becomes ionized in this way, the charged particles zoom to their respective ‘electrodes’, discharging the cloud–ground capacitor in a bright, hot flash of enormous electrical current. Lightning is a manifestation of a phenomenon called ‘dielectric breakdown’, something we've all seen in more controlled contexts, such as cheesy horror movies, Ask-Dr-Science demos at science museums and aluminium foil mistakenly placed in the microwave oven. Dielectric breakdown of most materials occurs at electric fields on the order of a few million volts per metre. But there is a great irony here: whereas we sense all of the secondary consequences of lightning, we are utterly blind to its most fundamental element – the electric field that gets the whole thing going. Humans just never evolved electric-force sensors. (But fish did – and migratory birds and turtles navigate by ‘feeling’ the earth's weak magnetic field.

Rauzatul Nazzla, Indra Jaya, Donwill Panggabean et al.

BIO Web of Conferences • 2025

This study aims to determine the potential locations for alternative energy sources from waves and currents. Located in the Indian Ocean, the hydrodynamics potential of Bengkulu waters is quite high. In this study, we used data obtained from the OSCAR satellite series and bathymetric data obtained from Dishidrosal. The data series for currents are 5-year from 2019 to 2023 and were analyzed to classify the distribution values of ocean currents and bathymetry to generate the seabed topography profile. The method used in this study employ Inverse Distance Weighting and Fuzzy Logic. The sea surface current velocity is represented by the distribution of the average current speed (cm/s), which is divided into three classes slow (3.08–3.50), medium (3.5-7.84), and fast (7.84 – 12.65). The fuzzy analysis results show the estimation of suitable sites using defuzzification results at approximately 12 m. The classes for sea depth (m) were shallow (0.13-5.0), medium (5.0-20), and deep (20-315.35). The potential location is in the northern part of the province, specifically in North Bengkulu, Central Bengkulu, Bengkulu City, Seluma, and South Bengkulu, which topographically allows energy accumulation. These three districts can be designated as locations for the development of alternative electrical energy using ocean waves and currents.

Charles Forsberg

Preprints.org • 2024

We describe three partly-coupled integrated nuclear energy systems enabling base-load nuclear reactors to provide fully dispatchable electricity without greenhouse-gas emissions—replacing gas turbines burning natural gas and batteries storing electricity. First, electricity-to-high-temperature (1800˚C) gigawatt-hour firebrick heat storage converts low-price electricity to high-temperature stored heat to provide dispatchable heat for industry and power generation. Second, Nuclear Air-Brayton Combined Cycles (NACC) with thermodynamic toping cycles using high-temperature stored heat or combustible fuel provide dispatchable electricity. Peak power output can be 2 to 5 times base-load electricity production. The heat-to-electricity efficiency of the thermodynamic topping cycles exceeds 70%. Third, nuclear hydrogen production for industrial markets enables production of dispatchable electricity where hydrogen is used for energy storage but not for the production of heat and electricity. Base-load nuclear reactors send electricity to the grid and/or electrolyzers for hydrogen production depending upon electricity prices. Low-cost hydrogen storage enables meeting steady-state industrial hydrogen demand while hydrogen and grid electricity production are varied. Hydrogen production for industrial uses (ammonia fertilizer, direct reduction of iron ore to iron replacing coke, cellulosic liquid hydrocarbon biofuels replacing crude oil) may exceed 20% of total energy demand. Consequently, this option may become a major source of dispatchable electricity.

Md. Faruque Hossain

Research Square (Research Square) • 2020

Abstract Background Green Technology, a sustainable mechanism is being proposed to fulfill the complete need of energy for a building that can be created by the building itself by the transformation process of domestic biowaste into electricity energy in site . Results The results suggested that the transformation of domestic biowaste including human feces to execute into converting process into an anaerobic tank bioreactor (BR) in the cellar which can form biogas (CH 4 ) by methanogenesis that can be converted into electricity energy to power the entire building. Besides, the discharged waste water in another detention tank can be conducted a complete treatment process of primary, secondary, tertiary and UV application to utilize it for gardening. Conclusions Implementation of this technology indeed shall be an inventive field of science where a building can form electricity by itself to complete its total energy need without any connection with the utility authorities which is benevolent to environment.

L. Cui, X. Xue, F. Le et al.

• 2019

Boom sprayer is one of the most commonly used plant protection machinery for spraying pesticide. Studies have shown that the efficiency of chemicals is highly correlated with the uniformity of spray distribution patterns. As the boom is a large and flexible structure, boom rolling leads to overlapping and leakage of the pesticides. In order to improve spray uniformity, the boom attitude should be kept parallel to the ground slope or to the crop canopy beneath the boom. Passive suspension can attenuate frequencies above its resonance frequency, but nothing can be done to align the boom to the sloping ground. Therefore, an active suspension system is designed, which includes DSP-based controller, a servo valve, a hydraulic cylinder, two ultrasonic sensors, one inertial attitude sensor, and the developed control procedures. In order to prevent the wrong response of the control system caused by the high frequency component due to uneven crop canopy or rough ground. A special signal processing algorithm was proposed, including the limiting filter, smoothing algorithm and data fusion algorithm based on optimal weight. The transient and steady-state performances of the boom control system using velocity feedforward PID algorithm were tested on a six DOF motion simulator. It can be seen that the low-frequency tracking performance of the boom was greatly improved after the electro-hydraulic active suspension was added. At the resonance frequency, the peak angle of active suspension and passive suspensions are 0.72° and 1.29° respectively, and the resonance peak is greatly reduced. The controller was implemented on a self-propelled boom sprayer and validated under field conditions, the standard deviation of the roll angle of the boom with active suspension is 0.40°, compared with 1.04° of the sprayer chassis. Experimental results show that the active suspension control system can effectively reduce the effect of ground excitation disturbance on the application process, and has good tracking performance for low frequency terrain change. Keywords: boom sprayer, active suspension, electro-hydraulic servo system, six DOF motion simulator, signal process, motion control DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191204.4648 Citation: Cui L F, Xue X Y, Le F X, Mao H P, Ding S M. Design and experiment of electro hydraulic active suspension for controlling the rolling motion of spray boom. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(4): 72–81.

Zehui Zhao, Yamei Wang, Zelinlan Wang et al.

Small • 2024

All weather, high-efficiency, energy-saving anti-icing/de-icing materials are of great importance for solving the problem of ice accumulation on outdoor equipment surfaces. In this study, a composite material with energy storage, active electro-/photo-thermal de-icing and passive super-hydrophobic anti-icing properties is proposed. Fluorinated epoxy resin and MWCNTs/PTFE particles are used to prepare the top multifunctional anti-icing/de-icing layer, which exhibited super-hydrophobicity with water contact angle greater than 155° and conductivity higher than 69 S m-1 . The super-hydrophobic durability of the top layer is verified through tape peeling and sandpaper abrasion tests. The surface can be heated by applying on voltage or light illumination, showing efficient electro-/photo-thermal and all-day anti-icing/de-icing performance. The oleogel material at the bottom layer is capable to absorb energy during heating process and release it during cooling process by phase transition, which greatly delayed the freezing time and saved energy. The icing test of single ice droplet, electro-/photo-thermal de-icing and defrosting tests also proved the high efficiency and energy saving of the anti-icing/de-icing strategy. This study provided a new way to manufacture multi-functional materials for practical anti-icing/de-icing applications.

J. Henderson, A. Plummer, N. Johnston

International Journal of Hydromechatronics • 2018

A novel electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) for active vibration isolation has been designed, modelled and tested. The EHA consists of a brushless DC motor running in oil and integrated with a bidirectional gear pump, driving a hydraulic cylinder. The actuator is designed to be integrated into a flexible strut connecting a helicopter rotor hub and fuselage, to provide isolation at the dominant rotor vibration frequency of around 20 Hz. The resonant frequency of the EHA is tuned to provide some passive vibration isolation. Active control increases the isolation performance by compensating for damping losses, and provides isolation over a broader range of frequencies. Tests on a prototype demonstrated a four-fold reduction of the root-mean-square transmitted force and a near elimination at the fundamental frequency. The advantages of the resonant EHA are a wider range of operating frequencies than a purely passive system, and lower power consumption than a purely active system.

F. Susai, Hadar Sclar, Y. Shilina et al.

Advanced Materials • 2018

Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) today face the challenge of application in electrified vehicles (xEVs) which require increased energy density, improved abuse tolerance, prolonged life, and low cost. LIB technology can significantly advance through more realistic approaches such as: i) stable high‐specific‐energy cathodes based on Li1+xNiyCozMnwO2 (NCM) compounds with either Ni‐rich (x = 0, y → 1), or Li‐ and Mn‐rich (0.1 < x < 0.2, w > 0.5) compositions, and ii) chemically active separators and binders that mitigate battery performance degradation. While the stability of such cathode materials during cell operation tends to decrease with increasing specific capacity, active material doping and coatings, together with carefully designed cell‐formation protocols, can enable both high specific capacities and good long‐term stability. It has also been shown that major LIB capacity fading mechanisms can be reduced by multifunctional separators and binders that trap transition metal ions and/or scavenge acid species. Here, recent progress on improving Ni‐rich and Mn‐rich NCM cathode materials is reviewed, as well as in the search for inexpensive, multifunctional, chemically active separators. A realistic overview regarding some of the most promising approaches to improving the performance of rechargeable batteries for xEV applications is also presented.

Yunchang Liang, David McLaughlin, C. Csoklich et al.

Energy &amp; Environmental Science • 2019

The recently introduced electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy noise measurements were applied to directly identify active centers for oxygen electro-reduction at Pt-based surfaces in three alkaline electrolytes under reaction conditions.

Fengxia Deng, H. Olvera-Vargas, Ming-hua Zhou et al.

Chemical Reviews • 2023

This review presents an exhaustive overview on the mechanisms of Fe3+ cathodic reduction within the context of the electro-Fenton (EF) process. Different strategies developed to improve the reduction rate are discussed, dividing them into two categories that regard the mechanistic feature that is promoted: electron transfer control and mass transport control. Boosting the Fe3+ conversion to Fe2+ via electron transfer control includes: (i) the formation of a series of active sites in both carbon- and metal-based materials and (ii) the use of other emerging strategies such as single-atom catalysis or confinement effects. Concerning the enhancement of Fe2+ regeneration by mass transport control, the main routes involve the application of magnetic fields, pulse electrolysis, interfacial Joule heating effects, and photoirradiation. Finally, challenges are singled out, and future prospects are described. This review aims to clarify the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycling process in the EF process, eventually providing essential ideas for smart design of highly effective systems for wastewater treatment and valorization at an industrial scale.

Zhao Xu, Chao Ding, Du Wei et al.

ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces • 2019

Reversible shape-memory polymers (RSMPs) show great potential in actuating applications due to its repeatability among many other advantages. Indeed, in many cases, multiresponsive RSMPs are more expected, and the strategy to introduce functional fillers without deteriorating the reversible deformation performance is of great importance. Here, a facile strategy to balance the electro, photothermal performance, and molecular chain mobility is reported. Segregated conductive networks of carbon nanotube (S-CNT) are constructed in poly(ethylene-co-octene) (POE) matrix at a relatively low filler loading, which renders the composite good electrical, photothermal and actuating properties. A low percolation threshold of 0.25 vol % is achieved. The electrical conductivity is up to 0.046 S·cm-1 for the POE/S-CNT composites with 2 vol % CNT, and the absorption of light (760 nm) is above 90%. These characteristics guarantee that the actuator can be driven at low voltage (≤ 36 V) and suitable light intensity (250 mW·cm-2) with a good actuating performance. An electric gripper and a light-active crawling robot demonstrate the potential applications in multiresponsive robots. This work introduces a facile strategy to fabricate multiresponsive RSMPs by designing CNT network structures in polymer composites, and holds great potential to enlarge the applications of RSMPs in many areas including artificial muscles and bionic robots.

Thomas Fahey, H. Pham, A. Gardi et al.

Sensors • 2020

In agriculture, early detection of plant stresses is advantageous in preventing crop yield losses. Remote sensors are increasingly being utilized for crop health monitoring, offering non-destructive, spatialized detection and the quantification of plant diseases at various levels of measurement. Advances in sensor technologies have promoted the development of novel techniques for precision agriculture. As in situ techniques are surpassed by multispectral imaging, refinement of hyperspectral imaging and the promising emergence of light detection and ranging (LIDAR), remote sensing will define the future of biotic and abiotic plant stress detection, crop yield estimation and product quality. The added value of LIDAR-based systems stems from their greater flexibility in capturing data, high rate of data delivery and suitability for a high level of automation while overcoming the shortcomings of passive systems limited by atmospheric conditions, changes in light, viewing angle and canopy structure. In particular, a multi-sensor systems approach and associated data fusion techniques (i.e., blending LIDAR with existing electro-optical sensors) offer increased accuracy in plant disease detection by focusing on traditional optimal estimation and the adoption of artificial intelligence techniques for spatially and temporally distributed big data. When applied across different platforms (handheld, ground-based, airborne, ground/aerial robotic vehicles or satellites), these electro-optical sensors offer new avenues to predict and react to plant stress and disease. This review examines the key sensor characteristics, platform integration options and data analysis techniques recently proposed in the field of precision agriculture and highlights the key challenges and benefits of each concept towards informing future research in this very important and rapidly growing field.

Xiaoma Fei, Jing Luo, Ren Liu et al.

RSC Advances • 2015

We have synthesized an electro-active amphiphilic copolymer with carbazole side chains via free radical polymerization using 7-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)-4-methyl coumarin and 9-(4-vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole as the monomers. The copolymer can self-assemble to form micelles (termed EACMs) in aqueous solution and can adsorb onto the surfaces of MWCNTs via π–π interactions and thereby cause the efficient dispersion of the MWCNTs in aqueous solution. The coumarin groups in the copolymer undergo UV-induced photo-crosslinking, which further improves the stability of the suspension. Moreover, the electro-active carbazole moieties in the EACMs can undergo electropolymerization to form a conducting network on the MWCNTs that significantly accelerates electron transfer. The EACM/MWCNTs hybrid was applied to the amperometric sensing of dopamine (DA) as a model analyte. After electropolymerization, the electrode exhibited good sensitivity and selectivity toward the determination of dopamine with a 0.2 μM detection limit and a wide linear range. The method described here provides a viable route to water-dispersible and stable carbon nanotubes while preserving their outstanding electrical properties. We presume that the composite described here represents a valuable tool for the construction of electrochemical sensors and electronics.

C. Renault, Kyle Marchuk, H. S. Ahn et al.

Analytical Chemistry • 2015

We report a method to study electro-active defects in passivated electrodes. This method couples fluorescence microscopy and electrochemistry to localize and size electro-active defects. The method was validated by comparison with a scanning probe technique, scanning electrochemical microscopy. We used our method for studying electro-active defects in thin TiO2 layers electrodeposited on 25 μm diameter Pt ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs). The permeability of the TiO2 layer was estimated by measuring the oxidation of ferrocenemethanol at the UME. Blocking of current ranging from 91.4 to 99.8% was achieved. Electro-active defects with an average radius ranging between 9 and 90 nm were observed in these TiO2 blocking layers. The distribution of electro-active defects over the TiO2 layer is highly inhomogeneous and the number of electro-active defect increases for lower degree of current blocking. The interest of the proposed technique is the possibility to quickly (less than 15 min) image samples as large as several hundreds of μm(2) while being able to detect electro-active defects of only a few tens of nm in radius.

V. Aravindan, J. Sundaramurthy, Palaniswamy Suresh Kumar et al.

Chemical Communications • 2015

In the present review, we describe the development of a high energy density LIB fabricated with all 1D nanofibers as the anode and cathode, as well as a separator-cum-electrolyte prepared by an electrospinning technique without compromising the power capability and cycle life. Such a unique assembly certainly enables realizing the advantages of using 1D nanostructures in practical LIBs, irrespective of the anode or cathode in the presence of gelled polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene as the separator-cum-electrolyte. Outstanding cycling profiles with high power densities were noted for all the configurations evaluated. This excellent performance opens up new avenues for the development of high performance Li-ion power packs with a long cycle life and high energy and power densities to drive zero emission transportation applications in the near future, and opens up new research activities in this field as well.

Mingran Li, X. Qin, Mingxiao Gao et al.

Environmental Science: Nano • 2022

Electro-Fenton (EF) technique has attracted great interests in the treatment of landfill leachate concentrate (LLC). Active carbon fiber (ACF) was modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and...

Zhiwei He, Hangming Xie, M. Jamil et al.

Advanced Materials Interfaces • 2022

Ice accretion on exposed surfaces is unavoidable as time elapses and temperature lowers sufficiently in nature, causing detrimental impacts on the normal performance of devices and facilities. To mitigate icing problems, both active de‐icing and passive anti‐icing materials (AIM) have been utilized. Traditional active anti‐icing methods suffer from energy consumption, low efficiency and high cost, while passive AIM meet the challenges of improving mechanical durability and maintaining low ice adhesion strength during icing/de‐icing cycles. Recently, new AIM are rationally designed by the combination of passive anti‐icing and active de‐icing, exhibiting efficient, reliable and energy‐saving properties. The conceptual idea is that passive AIM only need to reach a certain value of ice adhesion strength (i.e., τice<100 kPa) instead of achieving lowest ice adhesion strength, and simultaneously combine with active de‐icing techniques (i.e., electro‐thermal and photo‐thermal stimulus) to realize ideal all‐weather anti‐icing/de‐icing. In this review paper, the authors provide a brief introduction to passive AIM, and mainly focus on recent advances in the electro‐/photo‐thermal promoted AIM in terms of anti‐icing/de‐icing mechanisms, challenges and perspectives. The new conceptual anti‐icing/de‐icing strategy will inspire the rational design of the state‐of‐the‐art AIM in future and provides practical solutions to mitigate outdoor anti‐icing/de‐icing problems in daily lives.

Miguel Angel Delgado-Canto, S. D. Fernández-Silva, C. Roman et al.

ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces • 2020

This research work aims to explore the development of functional nanocellulose-based biolubricants which allow for an electro-active control of the friction behavior. With this purpose, the influence of both nanocellulose concentration and electric field strength on the lubricant's electro-rheological behavior was analyzed. Electric fields strengths up to 4 kV/mm were imposed and two different kinds of nanocellulose were studied as polarizable particulate phase: nanofibers (CNF) and nanocrystals (CNC). Nanocellulose particles were added to castor oil at weight fractions ranging 0-6 wt.%. All dispersions exhibited a noticeable variation in dielectric constant, but not in conductivity, within a wide frequency range between 100 Hz to 200 kHz, and their dielectric behavior was significantly affected by the particle weight fraction. Noteworthy, it was found a critical value of nanocellulose concentration, 4 wt.%, upon which the electro-viscous effect displayed by these dispersions was constrained, yielding a limiting electrorheological (ER) behavior. In addition, the dynamic yield stress dependence on the electric field strength showed a critical value within the interval 0.8-1.2 kV/mm, suggesting a nonlinear conduction model for these nanocellulose-based ER dispersions. Finally, it was found a maximum leak current intensity for 1 wt.% CNF or CNC dispersions, and an asymptotic decay at higher concentrations. We conclude that both CNC and CNF nanoparticles have demonstrated to endow castor oil with significant ER properties, which remarkably reduced the friction coefficient within the boundary and mixed lubrication regions at electric field strengths lower than 40 V.

R. Tabassian, Manmatha Mahato, Sanghee Nam et al.

Advanced Science • 2021

Emerging technologies such as soft robotics, active biomedical devices, wearable electronics, haptic feedback systems, and healthcare systems require high‐fidelity soft actuators showing reliable responses under multi‐stimuli. In this study, the authors report an electro‐active and photo‐active soft actuator based on a vanadium oxide nanowire (VONW) hybrid film with greatly improved actuation performances. The VONWs directly grown on a cellulose fiber network increase the surface area up to 30‐fold and boost the hydrophilicity owing to the presence of oxygen‐rich functional groups in the nanowire surfaces. Taking advantage of the high surface area and hydrophilicity of VONWs, a soft thermo‐hygroscopic VONW actuator capable of being controlled by both light and electric sources shows greatly enhanced actuation deformation by almost 70% and increased actuation speed over 3 times during natural convection cooling. Most importantly, the proposed VONW actuator exhibits a remarkably improved blocking force of up to 200% compared with a bare paper actuator under light stimulation, allowing them to realize a complex kirigami pop‐up and to accomplish repeatable shape transformation from a 2D planar surface to a 3D configuration.

Bozena Jaskorzynska

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe • 1996

Dielectric waveguides doped with rare-earth (RE) ions can be used as optically pumped amplifiers and lasers. In long (several meters) fiber devices, an outstanding example being the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, high gain (&gt;30dB) can be accumulated along the device at low concentrations of RE ions. The length of integrated devices-[l] is restricted to a few centimeters and. therefore, two orders of magnitude higher RE concentration is required to provide sufficiently large gain. However, at high dopant levels strong interactions between RE ions tend to severely reduce gain efficiency Especially, cluster formation, which is difficult to eliminate, is harmful, since fast (nanosecond tune scale [2]) energy transfer between clustered ions may totally quench the gam lor realistic pump powers Understanding, and quantitative evaluation, of concentration dependent gain limiting mechanisms is of the fundamental importance for optimizing fabrication and design of densely doped active devices, in this talk progress in the ongoing research addressing this issue (2-8), as well as examples of demonstrated RE-doped integrated devices [9-12] and the design concepts for gain improvement [13-15), will be presented.

Kristina Veranic, Louise Ewing, Thomas Sambrook et al.

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience • 2025

Abstract Interpersonal space is regulated carefully and updated dynamically during social interactions to maintain comfort. We investigated the naturalistic processing of interpersonal distance in real time and space using a powerful implicit neurophysiological measure of attentional engagement. In a sample of 37 young adults recruited at a UK university, we found greater EEG alpha band suppression when a person ‘occupies’ or‘moves into’ near-personal space than for a person occupying or moving into public space. In the dynamic condition only, the differences attenuated over the course of the experiment, and were sensitive to individual differences in social anxiety. These data show, for the first time, neurophysiological correlates of interpersonal distance coding in a naturalistic setting. Critically, while veridical distance is important for attentional response to the presence of a person in one’s space, the behavioural relevance of their movement through public and personal space takes primacy.

M Li, C Racey, C L Rae et al.

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience • 2024

Abstract The question of whether physical pain and vicarious pain have some shared neural substrates is unresolved. Recent research has argued that physical and vicarious pain are represented by dissociable multivariate brain patterns by creating biomarkers for physical pain (Neurologic Pain Signature, NPS) and vicarious pain (Vicarious Pain Signature, VPS), respectively. In the current research, the NPS and two versions of the VPS were applied to three fMRI datasets (one new, two published) relating to vicarious pain which focused on between-subject differences in vicarious pain (Datasets 1 and 3) and within-subject manipulations of perspective taking (Dataset 2). Results show that (i) NPS can distinguish brain responses to images of pain vs no-pain and to a greater extent in vicarious pain responders who report experiencing pain when observing pain and (ii) neither version of the VPS mapped on to individual differences in vicarious pain and the two versions differed in their success in predicting vicarious pain overall. This study suggests that the NPS (created to detect physical pain) is, under some circumstances, sensitive to vicarious pain and there is significant variability in VPS measures (created to detect vicarious pain) to act as generalizable biomarkers of vicarious pain.

Ana P. Pinheiro

Affective Science • 2025

Abstract The voice is a powerful social signal and a primary channel for communicating emotions when speakers are out of view. When we hear an emotional voice, we quickly form an impression of the person behind it. Neurocognitive models emphasize the multi-step dynamic operations that occur when listeners decode emotional information from vocal sounds. However, these models have primarily focused on stimulus quality, often neglecting the perception of other relevant person characteristics (e.g., gender, age, personal identity) evolving on different timescales. How do the emerging details about the speaker affect how listeners decode emotional information? And how are these different types of information integrated into a comprehensive impression of the speaker? This review examines recent data highlighting multiple stages of vocal expression analysis and the interplay between distinct types of nonverbal information revealed in the speaker’s voice. It serves as a starting point for broader research examining how distinct person characteristics, perceived simultaneously or in close succession, interact and affect the decoding of vocal emotions.

K. Kuhl, Etosha R. Cave, David N. Abram et al.

Energy &amp; Environmental Science • 2012

We report new insights into the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on a metallic copper surface, enabled by the development of an experimental methodology with unprecedented sensitivity for the identification and quantification of CO2 electroreduction products. This involves a custom electrochemical cell designed to maximize product concentrations coupled to gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance for the identification and quantification of gas and liquid products, respectively. We studied copper across a range of potentials and observed a total of 16 different CO2 reduction products, five of which are reported here for the first time, thus providing the most complete view of the reaction chemistry reported to date. Taking into account the chemical identities of the wide range of C1–C3 products generated and the potential-dependence of their turnover frequencies, mechanistic information is deduced. We discuss a scheme for the formation of multicarbon products involving enol-like surface intermediates as a possible pathway, accounting for the observed selectivity for eleven distinct C2+ oxygenated products including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and carboxylic acids.

Ling Zhang, Xuqiang Ji, Xiang Ren et al.

Advanced Materials • 2018

The discovery of stable and noble‐metal‐free catalysts toward efficient electrochemical reduction of nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) is highly desired and significantly critical for the earth nitrogen cycle. Here, based on the theoretical predictions, MoS2 is first utilized to catalyze the N2 reduction reaction (NRR) under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Electrochemical tests reveal that such catalyst achieves a high Faradaic efficiency (1.17%) and NH3 yield (8.08 × 10−11 mol s−1 cm−1) at −0.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 m Na2SO4. Even in acidic conditions, where strong hydrogen evolution reaction occurs, MoS2 is still active for the NRR. This work represents an important addition to the growing family of transition‐metal‐based catalysts with advanced performance in NRR.

J. Nutting, M. Rafiee, S. Stahl

Chemical Reviews • 2018

N-Oxyl compounds represent a diverse group of reagents that find widespread use as catalysts for the selective oxidation of organic molecules in both laboratory and industrial applications. While turnover of N-oxyl catalysts in oxidation reactions may be accomplished with a variety of stoichiometric oxidants, N-oxyl reagents have also been extensively used as catalysts under electrochemical conditions in the absence of chemical oxidants. Several classes of N-oxyl compounds undergo facile redox reactions at electrode surfaces, enabling them to mediate a wide range of electrosynthetic reactions. Electrochemical studies also provide insights into the structural properties and mechanisms of chemical and electrochemical catalysis by N-oxyl compounds. This review provides a comprehensive survey of the electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic applications of aminoxyls, imidoxyls, and related reagents, of which the two prototypical and widely used examples are 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) and phthalimide N-oxyl (PINO).

Weiran Zheng, Mengjie Liu, L. Lee

ACS Catalysis • 2020

Despite recent attempts using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) directly as electrocatalysts, the electrochemical stability of MOFs and the role of in situ-formed species during electrochemistry are ...

Leigang Li, Pengtang Wang, Qi Shao et al.

Chemical Society Reviews • 2020

Metallic nanostructures with low dimensionality (one-dimension and two-dimension) possess unique structural characteristics and distinctive electronic and physicochemical properties including high aspect ratio, high specific surface area, high density of surface unsaturated atoms and high electron mobility. These distinctive features have rendered them remarkable advantages over their bulk counterparts for surface-related applications, for example, electrochemical water splitting. In this review article, we highlight the recent research progress in low-dimensional metallic nanostructures for electrochemical water splitting including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Fundamental understanding of the electrochemistry of water splitting including HER and OER is firstly provided from the aspects of catalytic mechanisms, activity descriptors and property evaluation metrics. Generally, it is challenging to obtain low-dimensional metallic nanostructures with desirable characteristics for HER and OER. We hereby introduce several typical methods for synthesizing one-dimensional and two-dimensional metallic nanostructures including organic ligand-assisted synthesis, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, carbon monoxide confined growth, topotactic reduction, and templated growth. We then put emphasis on the strategies adopted for the design and fabrication of high-performance low-dimensional metallic nanostructures for electrochemical water splitting such as alloying, structure design, surface engineering, interface engineering and strain engineering. The underlying structure-property correlation for each strategy is elucidated aiming to facilitate the design of more advanced electrocatalysts for water splitting. The challenges and perspectives for the development of electrochemical water splitting and low-dimensional metallic nanostructures are also proposed.

R. Marcus

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry • 1964

One of the active areas in reaction kinetics during the post-war years has been that of electron-transfer reactions. These reactions constitute one type of oxidation-reduction process and include both chemical and electrochemical systems. Many rate constants have now been measured (1-8) and they have stimulated a variety of theoretical studies (9-37). The field has been characterized by a strong interplay of theory and experiment, which now includes the testing of theoretically predicted quantitative correlations (34). Because of a certain unique feature of the purely electron-transfer reactions--the absence of bond rupture in the reaction step--these correlations are unusual. They do not have the arbitrary parameters that occur in theoretical studies of most other reactions in chemical kinetics. This review will be limited to purely electron transfer reactions.

Ming Yan, Yuki Kawamata, P. Baran

Chemical Reviews • 2017

Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.

Stephanie Nitopi, Erlend Bertheussen, S. Scott et al.

Chemical Reviews • 2019

To date, copper is the only heterogeneous catalyst that has shown a propensity to produce valuable hydrocarbons and alcohols, such as ethylene and ethanol, from electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R). There are variety of factors that impact CO2R activity and selectivity, including the catalyst surface structure, morphology, composition, the choice of electrolyte ions and pH, and the electrochemical cell design. Many of these factors are often intertwined, which can complicate catalyst discovery and design efforts. Here we take a broad and historical view of these different aspects and their complex interplay in CO2R catalysis on Cu, with the purpose of providing new insights, critical evaluations, and guidance to the field with regard to research directions and best practices. First, we describe the various experimental probes and complementary theoretical methods that have been used to discern the mechanisms by which products are formed, and next we present our current understanding of the complex reaction networks for CO2R on Cu. We then analyze two key methods that have been used in attempts to alter the activity and selectivity of Cu: nanostructuring and the formation of bimetallic electrodes. Finally, we offer some perspectives on the future outlook for electrochemical CO2R.

A. Bard, L. Faulkner

Journal of Chemical Education • 1980

A review of a book intended to serve as both a course text at the senior-graduate level and as a reference book for those who wish to evaluate electrochemical methods as research tools.

Tatiana Magdesieva

Electrochemical Science Advances • 2022

Abstract Possible approaches to molecular design of stable diarylnitroxyl radicals capable to form sufficiently stable cations and anions under one‐electron oxidation and reduction are discussed. Both covalent and noncovalent stabilizing “tools” are considered. The main focus is made on the dynamic stabilization of oppositely charged redox states of a molecule through conformational changes. The efficiency of the approaches was confirmed on a wide range of novel diarylnitroxides designed accordingly to the suggested guidelines. Spectral and quantum‐chemical data support fast conformational changes accompanying electron transfer steps and facilitating stabilization of the cationic and anionic species. Voltammetric study of new compounds revealed the formation of reversible redox couples in both anodic and cathodic areas for the majority of nitroxides making them suitable for practical application.

Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion • 2000

Abstract This chapter provides a thorough introduction to the electrochemical thermodynamics that govern electrode reactions associated with corrosion. It begins with a review of the thermodynamic criteria for the stability of chemical reactions based on Gibbs free energy and explains how energies of formation are determined using the oxidation of iron as an example. It then considers how iron reacts with hydrochloric acid, explaining how it can be expressed as two half reactions modeled as electrodes in an electrochemical cell. It goes on to describe the chemical reactions occurring at each electrode, accounting for different variables, mechanisms, and electrochemical effects. The chapter concludes with an in-depth review of Pourbaix diagrams, explaining what they reveal about the stability of metal-water systems and the formation of corrosion products.

, D. G. Kondrat'ev, V. I. Matrenin et al.

Electrochemical Energetics • 2009

The paper deals with some questions concerning carbonization and decarbonization of alkaline electrolyte in matrix fuel cell (FC). It is shown that there is an equilibrium ultimate level of carbonization that depends on CO2 content in gases delivered into FC and FC electric loading. Electrolyte decarbonization takes place at the increase of FC load current with CO2 emission at hydrogen electrode end. The possible mechanisms of electrolyte carbonization and decarbonization are suggested.