Kyriaki Karagianni, Tina Leontidou, Marios Constantinou et al.

The Analyst • 2025

Detecting bacteria quickly can save lives, at the bedside or in the field. Sensing technologies such as electrochemistry and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy may lead to the realization of this goal.

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Journal of Marine Science Research and Oceanography • 2022

The field of electrochemistry can be defined as the set of physical and chemical phenomena involved by the passage of an electric current in an ionic conductor. These phenomena involve the use of electrodes characterized by at least one interface common to two conductors of different nature. They manifest themselves in various ways in electrochemical reactors made up of two electronic conductors or electrodes separated by an ionic conductive medium. After having defined the main phenomena involved in the flow of current, the article presents the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of electrochemistry (electrochemical cell). The main industrial applications of electrochemistry are briefly presented.

Marco F. Suárez-Herrera, Jose Solla-Gullon, Micheal D. Scanlon

ChemRxiv • 2021

The lack of an artificial system that mimics elemental sulfur (S 8 ) oxidation by microorganisms inhibits a deep mechanistic understanding of the sulfur cycle in the biosphere and the metabolism of sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. In this article, we present a biphasic system that mimics biochemical sulfur oxidation under ambient conditions using a liquid|liquid (L|L) electrochemical cell and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an interfacial catalyst. The interface between two solvents of very different polarity is an ideal environment to oxidise S 8 , overcoming the incompatible solubilities of the hydrophobic reactants (O 2 and S 8 ) and hydrophilic products (H + , SO 3 2– , SO 4 2– , etc. ). The interfacial AuNPs provide a catalytic surface onto which O 2 and S 8 can adsorb. Control over the driving force for the reaction is provided by polarizing the L|L interface externally and tuning the Fermi level of the interfacial AuNPs by the adsorption of aqueous anions.

• 2025

GKN Aerospace is committed to the achievement of sustainable aviation at the earliest practical opportunity and continues focused research and development in order to meet this goal. As part of this, one of the technologies being considered is a novel cryogenic Hydrogen Electric Propulsion (H2EP) configuration, which has been under detailed study for a number of years, and is now in the technology demonstration phase. This presentation will describe the progress in system architecture development and demonstration achieved to date via the ATI funded H2GEAR, HyFive and H2FlyGHT research programmes. The presentation will also detail the commercial aerospace market context of the work to date, and the potential impact that achievement of the technology could make as a pathway towards zero emission (at the point of use) flight.

K Ouchi, T Omiya

Wind Propulsion 2019 • 2019

When a sailing ship which has large rigid wing sails such as the Wind Challenger Sail runs in a sufficiently windy sea, the thrust by sails is utilized to not only drive the ship at the proper speed but also to rotate an underwater turbine at significant speed and torque. The turbine generates electricity which is used for the electrolysis of water to generate hydrogen. The hydrogen is stored using toluene in the form of methylcyclohexane (MCH), which is in liquid form under normal temperature and pressure. MCH is stored in the ship's tank as hydrogen fuel. In the case of weak winds when the sails cannot generate sufficient thrust, using the hydrogen generated by the dehydrogenation device, the fuel cell works and supplies electricity to the electric motor propeller for the ship's propulsion. Thus, the ship can run at a constant speed regardless of wind speed and direction.

Advances in Earth and Environmental Science • 2025

The construction industry plays a significant role in global carbon emissions. This issue has led to a growing interest in sustainable, carbon-neutral building materials. This paper reviews the potential of biobased materials such as hempcrete, biochar-enhanced concrete, timber, clay, cork, etc. in lowering the environmental footprint of construction. Hempcrete, a composite of hemp shiv, lime binder, and water, offers excellent insulation, thermal efficiency, and breathability. Its ability to absorb CO<sub>2</sub> during its life cycle makes it a carbon- negative material. However, it requires a structural frame due to its low mechanical strength. Biochar, derived from biomass through pyrolysis, is another sustainable material. It enhances concrete’s mechanical strength, durability, and thermal performance while significantly reducing its carbon footprint. By using biochar in appropriate amounts, concrete can store CO<sub>2</sub>, making it a more sustainable alternative to traditional cement-based construction. A case study of a four-story CO<sub>2</sub>-neutral residential building in Windau, Switzerland, demonstrates the successful application of these materials. Biochar-enhanced concrete, prefabricated timber structures filled with hempcrete, alongside with other biobased materials such as clay, cork, and straw are used for constructing this building. This innovative hybrid construction reduces carbon emissions and enhances energy efficiency. The building follows a plus-energy concept which means it generates more energy than it consumes through passive solar heating, smart ventilation, and intelligent energy management. The combination of high thermal mass materials and strategic design choices minimizes heating and cooling demands. Material reuse and sustainable energy solutions ensure a net-zero carbon emission over its 60-year lifespan. Additionally, the building’s energy-efficient design significantly decreases energy costs for its residents.

Tessa Camenzind, Kyle Mason-Jones, India Mansour et al.

• 2023

The last two decades soil organic matter research developed rapidly, uncovering a central role of soil microorganisms in the sequestration and storage of soil organic carbon (C), especially through accumulation of their necromass. However, despite strong evidence that the so-called soil microbial carbon pump is an important process, the direct characterization of microbial necromass in soil is difficult to achieve, leaving the actual chemical composition and formation of necromass unresolved. To fill this knowledge gap, we compiled evidence from microbiological literature on the processes of microbial dying, here referred to as microbial death pathways (MDPs). We discuss how fungi and bacteria die in soil, regarding the causes of death but also the consequences for chemical composition of microbial necromass. Evidence from existing literature clearly shows that MDPs in soil microorganisms represent relevant processes that affect necromass composition and its subsequent fate. Depending on environmental conditions and the relative significance of different MDPs, cell wall : cytoplasm ratios increase, while nutrient contents and easily degradable compounds are depleted. Thus, microbial necromass does not equal microbial biomass. These insights on microbial necromass are relevant for our understanding of mechanisms underpinning biogeochemical processes: (i) the quantity and persistence of microbial necromass is also governed by MDPs, not only the initial  biomass composition; (ii) efficient recycling of nutrients in microbial biomass during MDPs may minimize nitrogen losses during the process of C sequestration; (iii) human-induced disturbances do not only affect microbial activity, but also necromass quantity and composition. We present evidence for this novel concept of MDP, showing that not only microbial growth, but also death drive the soil microbial carbon pump. Additionally, we show some first data on actual experiments with “real” microbial necromass based on these principles, and discuss possibilities to explore this topic in future research studies.

NJ Cira, MT Pearce, SR Quake

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2017

Abstract Ecologists debate the relative importance of niche versus neutral processes in understanding biodiversity 1,2 . This debate is especially pertinent to microbial communities, which play crucial roles in biogeochemical cycling 3,4 , food production 5 , industrial processes 6,7 , and human health and disease 8 . Here we created a synthetic microbial community using heritable genetic barcodes and tracked community composition over time across a range of experimental conditions. We show that a transition exists between the neutral and niche regimes, and, consistent with theory, the crossover point depends on factors including immigration, fitness, and population size. We find that diversity declined most rapidly at intermediate population sizes, which can be explained by a tradeoff between replacement by migration and duration of growth. We then ran an experiment where the community underwent abrupt or gradual changes in size, the outcome of which highlights that selecting the correct model is essential to managing diversity. Taken together these results emphasize the importance of including niche effects to obtain realistic models across a wide range of parameters, even in simple systems.

Kumar Annamalai, Naveen Arasu Anbarasu, Balaji Ponraj Govindarajan et al.

Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) • 2025

ABSTRACT This study investigates the performance of Portland Slag Cement (PSC) concrete under different curing conditions, including normal curing and aggressive acid environments (hydrochloric and sulfuric acid), with and without the use of admixtures. The concrete mixes were evaluated for key properties such as compressive strength, saturated water absorption, effective porosity, resistance to acid and sulfate attacks, and chloride ion permeability. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of admixtures significantly enhanced the compressive strength, reducing water absorption and effective porosity, thus improving the overall density and durability of the concrete. At 28 days, the compressive strength of the concrete with admixtures was 29.18 MPa, compared to 26.77 MPa for conventional concrete. The admixtures also improved the resistance to sulfuric acid and sulfate attacks, as evidenced by reduced weight loss and strength loss compared to mixes without admixtures. Additionally, the RCPT results showed lower chloride ion permeability in mixes with admixtures, indicating enhanced durability against chloride-induced corrosion. Overall, the findings highlight the effectiveness of using admixtures in Portland Slag Cement concrete for improving durability and performance under aggressive environmental conditions.

Χριστίνα Γκουντέλα

• 2023

Λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν τη συνεχή κατανάλωση των ορυκτών πόρων και το γεγονός ότι πρόκειται για πεπερασμένες πρώτες ύλες, η χρήση πράσινων πολυμερών κρίνεται πλέον αναγκαία. O όρος «πράσινα» περιγράφει υλικά που παρουσιάζουν «πράσινες» ιδιότητες (π.χ. βιολογική προέλευση και/ή βιοαποικοδομησιμότητα) και παράγονται μέσω βιώσιμων διεργασιών που διεξάγονται υπό ήπιες συνθήκες και δεν απαιτούν χημικούς καταλύτες ή τοξικούς διαλύτες. Τα πραγματικά πράσινα υλικά οφείλουν να συνδυάζουν αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά. Συνεπώς, τα ενζυμικά συντεθειμένα, προερχόμενα από ανανεώσιμες πρώτες ύλες και/ή βιοδιασπώμενα πολυμερή δύνανται να θεωρηθούν πραγματικά πράσινα. Ο βασικός στόχος της παρούσας ερευνητικής εργασίας ήταν η παραγωγή των προερχόμενων από ανανεώσιμες πρώτες ύλες πολυμερών πολυ(ηλεκτρικός βουτυλεστέρας) (poly(butylene succinate) ή PBS) και πολυ(2,5-φουρανοδιικός βουτυλεστέρας) (poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid) ή PBF) μέσω βιώσιμων οδών (ενζυμικός προπολυμερισμός σε συνδυασμό με χαμηλής θερμοκρασίας μεταπολυμερισμό). Εκτός του πράσινου χαρακτήρα τους, άλλα χαρακτηριστικά των υλικών στα οποία στοχεύουμε αποτελούν η υψηλή καθαρότητα ως προς υπολείμματα μεταλλικών καταλυτών και παραπροϊόντα παράπλευρων αντιδράσεων και το ελεγχόμενο μοριακό τους βάρος. Με τον τρόπο αυτό, παράγουμε υλικά υψηλού ερευνητικού και βιομηχανικού ενδιαφέροντος, καθώς είναι κατάλληλα για χρήση σε απαιτητικές εφαρμογές όπως υψηλής καθαρότητας συστήματα εγκλεισμού (π.χ. συσκευασία τροφίμων ή βιοϊατρική). Ο ενζυμικός πολυμερισμός πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση του ακινητοποιημένου ενζύμου Candida antarctica Lipase B, χωρίς τη χρήση διαλυτών, για την παραγωγή των PBS και PBF, μέσω διεργασιών δύο σταδίων. Το πρώτο στάδιο πραγματοποιήθηκε σε ήπιες συνθήκες (40 ή 50°C, ατμοσφαιρική πίεση, 24 ώρες) ώστε να ελαχιστοποιηθεί η πιθανότητα απώλειας μονομερών. Οι συνθήκες του δεύτερου σταδίου διερευνήθηκαν ενδελεχώς. Αρχικά, τα προϊόντα ενζυμικού προπολυμερισμού τέθηκαν σε αναλύσεις φασματοσκοπίας πυρηνικού μαγνητικού συντονισμού (1H-NMR) και φασματοσκοπία υπερύθρου με μετασχηματισμό Fourier (FTIR), ώστε να ταυτοποιηθούν οι επαναλαμβανόμενες δομικές μονάδες των πολυμερών. Στη συνέχεια, βάσει της διερεύνησης της θερμοκρασίας αντίδρασης σε πίεση 200 mbar, οι 90°C αναδείχθηκαν ως βέλτιστη θερμοκρασία τόσο για το PBS όσο και για το PBF, κυρίως μέσω του προσδιορισμού των μοριακών τους βαρών με χρωματογραφία διέλευσης μέσω πηκτής (GPC). Στην περίπτωση του PBS, τα μοριακά βάρη των προϊόντων των 90 και 95°C ήταν τα μέγιστα (Mn έως 2300 και Mw έως 5000 g/mol). Στην περίπτωση του PBF, εντοπίστηκαν δύο διακριτοί πληθυσμοί διαφορετικών μοριακών βαρών, οι τιμές των οποίων δεν διαφοροποιήθηκαν με αλλαγή της θερμοκρασίας αντίδρασης. Ωστόσο, διαπιστώθηκε ότι το ποσοστό του πληθυσμού με το μέγιστο μοριακό βάρος αυξήθηκε στους 90°C. Η εφαρμογή μειωμένης πίεσης (20 mbar) παρουσίασε ελαφρώς θετική επίδραση στα μοριακά βάρη του PBS (Mn 2500 και Mw 6700 g/mol), ενώ δεν επηρέασε τα μοριακά βάρη του PBF που παρέμειναν 1800 και 1900 g/mol (Mn και Mw αντίστοιχα) για τους 90°C. Αυτή η διαφορετική συμπεριφορά των δύο συστημάτων αποδόθηκε στη διαφορετική δομή των πολυμερών. Ο αλειφατικός πολυεστέρας PBS επιτρέπει την απομάκρυνση του σχηματιζόμενου παραπροϊόντος (αιθανόλη) μέσω εξάτμισης και διάχυσης ενόσω εφαρμόζεται το υψηλότερο κενό (20 mbar). Από την άλλη πλευρά, ο αλειφαρωματικός πολυεστέρας PBF, λόγω των ογκωδών δακτυλίων που περιέχει στην επαναλαμβανόμενη δομική του μονάδα, δυσχεραίνει την απομάκρυνση του παραπροϊόντος και ενδεχομένως απαιτείται εφαρμογή ακόμα υψηλότερου κενού. Ωστόσο, λόγω των σχετικά χαμηλών μοριακών βαρών του PBF, η εφαρμογή υψηλότερου κενού εμπεριέχει το κίνδυνο απώλειας ολιγομερών λόγω εξάχνωσης. Όσον αφορά στους 95°C, η μειωμένη πίεση επηρέασε αρνητικά και τα δύο συστήματα, γεγονός που αποδόθηκε στη μειωμένη ενεργότητα του ενζύμου στη συγκεκριμένη θερμοκρασία. Προϊόντα χαμηλότερου μοριακού βάρους σχηματίζονται και απομακρύνονται λόγω εξάχνωσης, διαταράσσοντας τη χημική ισορροπία της αντίδρασης. Επομένως, η διερεύνηση για τους χρόνους αντίδρασης συνεχίστηκε στα 20 mbar για το PBS και 200 mbar για το PBF για τις θερμοκρασίες των 90 και 95°C. Οι αυξημένοι χρόνοι αντίδρασης επηρέασαν αρνητικά τον πολυμερισμό των PBS και PBF, τόσο στους 90, όσο και στους 95°C, υποδεικνύοντας ότι το σύστημα έφτασε σε ισορροπία λόγω της κατανάλωσης των ακραίων δραστικών ομάδων και των αυξημένων ποσοτήτων παραπροϊόντων, για την απομάκρυνση των οποίων ενδεχομένως απαιτείται η εφαρμογή υψηλότερου κενού. Συνεπώς, το παραπροϊόν συσσωρεύεται μεταξύ των αντιδρώντων μορίων, καθιστώντας έτσι τα ολιγομερή ευάλωτα σε αλκοόλυση. Στους 95°C, παρατηρήθηκε περαιτέρω μείωση της ενζυμικής ενεργότητας, η οποία αποτέλεσε τον βασικό λόγο σχηματισμού προϊόντων χαμηλότερων μοριακών βαρών. Χάρη στην απλότητα των διεργασιών που εφαρμόστηκαν (χαμηλής θερμοκρασίας πολυμερισμός μάζας χωρίς τη χρήση πολλών διαλυτών για την απομόνωση του τελικού προϊόντος), οι διεργασίες σύνθεσης και των δύο προπολυμερών στις βέλτιστες συνθήκες (PBS: 90°C, 20 mbar, 2 h και PBF: 90°C, 200 mbar, 2 h) κλιμακώθηκαν επιτυχώς. Έτσι, παραλήφθηκαν έως 20 g PBS και 6 g PBF για πρώτη φορά, καλύπτοντας το σχετικό κενό που έχει παρατηρηθεί στη βιβλιογραφία. Για το PBS των 20 g παρατηρήθηκε μικρή υποβάθμιση στις θερμικές ιδιότητες καθώς και στα μοριακά βάρη σε σχέση με το προϊόν της κλίμακας 1 g. Η υποβάθμιση αυτή αποδόθηκε στην επίδραση φαινομένων μεταφοράς μάζας, τα οποία είναι εντονότερα σε μεγάλες κλίμακες. Επί παραδείγματι, ο σχηματισμός μεγαλύτερης ποσότητας παραπροϊόντος, ενδεχομένως απαιτεί την εφαρμογή υψηλότερου κενού. Το προϊόν κλιμάκωσης 20 g αποτέλεσε το προπολυμερές που εν συνεχεία τέθηκε σε μεταπολυμερισμό. Από την άλλη πλευρά, η πιο περιορισμένη κλιμάκωση της διεργασίας σύνθεσης του PBF (έως 6 g), οδήγησε στον σχηματισμό προϊόντων με παρόμοιες ιδιότητες σε σχέση με τη μικρή κλίμακα (1 g). Στην περίπτωση αυτή, το προϊόν των 3 g επιλέχθηκε ως το προπολυμερές που τέθηκε σε μεταπολυμερισμό, λόγω της ελαφρώς καλύτερης μορφολογίας που παρουσίασε σε σχέση με το προϊόν των 6 g. Στη συνέχεια, ένα καινοτόμο, μη διαθέσιμο εμπορικά ένζυμο, γνωστό για την ικανότητά του να αποικοδομεί πλαστικά, χρησιμοποιήθηκε για πρώτη φορά ως βιοκαταλύτης για τη σύνθεση PBS, χωρίς τη χρήση διαλύτη. Συγκεκριμένα, πραγματοποιήθηκε από την ερευνητική ομάδα Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis του Εργαστηρίου Βιοτεχνολογίας του ΕΜΠ, η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης, καθώς και η ακινητοποίηση μιας θερμοσταθερής, τετραπλής μετάλλαξης της κουτινάσης Leaf and branch compost cutinase (LCC), LCCICCG. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποιήθηκε χαρακτηρισμός του ενζύμου, το οποίο εν συνεχεία χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως βιοκαταλύτης σε διεργασία δύο σταδίων. Η θερμοκρασία του πρώτου σταδίου διερευνήθηκε (50-70°C) για 24 ώρες ώστε να μελετηθεί η αποτελεσματικότητα του ενζύμου στον πολυμερισμό. Το δεύτερο στάδιο πραγματοποιήθηκε στους 80°C, σε μειωμένη πίεση 200 mbar, για δύο ώρες, ώστε να ευνοηθεί η αντίδραση του πολυμερισμού. Το PBS συντέθηκε επιτυχώς σε όλες τις θερμοκρασίες και τα ΜΒ που επιτεύχθηκαν ήταν 1400 και 1500 g/mol (Mn και Mw). Μεταξύ των πλεονεκτημάτων των προϊόντων σημειώθηκαν στενές κατανομές μοριακών βαρών και αυξημένη επιδεκτικότητα σε μεταπολυμερισμό (ΔMn και ΔMw έως 150 και 350%, αντίστοιχα), που τα καθιστούν υποσχόμενους υποψήφιους για εφαρμογές όπως συστήματα αποδέσμευσης δραστικών ουσιών. Το ενζυμικά συντεθειμένο προπολυμερές PBS (προϊόν κλίμακας 20 g) υποβλήθηκε στη συνέχεια σε διαφορετικές μεθόδους μεταπολυμερισμού, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του Πολυμερισμού Στερεάς Κατάστασης (ΠΣΚ ή SSP) και του χαμηλής θερμοκρασίας μεταπολυμερισμού τήγματος. Ο ΠΣΚ πραγματοποιήθηκε σε διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες, ωστόσο κρίθηκε σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις αναποτελεσματικός ως προς την αύξηση του μοριακού βάρους, κυρίως λόγω των χαμηλών σημείων τήξεως. Αντίθετα, ο μεταπολυμερισμός τήγματος που πραγματοποιήθηκε στους 110°C υπό κενό 20 mbar για 4 ώρες, με την προσθήκη ενός σταδίου ξήρανσης ώστε να απομακρυνθούν πιθανά υπολείμματα υγρασίας, οδήγησε σε αυξήσεις μοριακών βαρών ΔMn και ΔMw 76 and 94 %, αντίστοιχα. Οι συνθήκες του μεταπολυμερισμού τήγματος (χρόνος, θερμοκρασία) διερευνήθηκαν περαιτέρω και διαπιστώθηκε ότι τόσο σε μεγαλύτερους χρόνους (>6 ώρες, σε σταθερή θερμοκρασία 110°C) όσο και σε υψηλότερες θερμοκρασίες (>130°C, για σταθερό χρόνο αντίδρασης 4 ώρες) το προϊόν υποβαθμίζεται θερμικά και παρατηρείται μείωση στο μοριακό του βάρος, αλλά και υποβάθμιση των θερμικών ιδιοτήτων. Συνεπώς, οι συνθήκες αντίδρασης 4 ώρες, 110°C, 20 mbar κρίθηκαν ως βέλτιστες για το συγκεκριμένο σύστημα. Στη συνέχεια, μελετήθηκε ο μεταπολυμερισμός του PBF. Το PBF τέθηκε αποκλειστικά σε μεταπολυμερισμό τήγματος για τους εξής λόγους. Πρώτον, ο ΠΣΚ δεν κρίθηκε αποτελεσματικός στην αναβάθμιση του προπολυμερούς PBS. Δεύτερον, οι ογκώδεις υποκαταστάτες του PBF, καθώς και τα ιδιαίτερα υψηλά ποσοστά ακραίων υδροξυλομάδων που εντοπίστηκαν, είναι πολύ πιθανό να οδηγήσουν σε περαιτέρω παρεμπόδιση της διεργασίας. Συνεπώς, το PBF υπεβλήθη σε μεταπολυμερισμό τήγματος και συγκεκριμένα σε τρεις διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες (85, 95 και 105°C). Βάσει των αποτελεσμάτων, επιβεβαιώθηκε η επιδεκτικότητα του προπολυμερούς σε μεταπολυμερισμό, ιδιαίτερα στους 105°C. Παρόλο που οι αυξήσεις των μοριακών βαρών (ΔMn και ΔMw) που καταγράφηκαν ήταν χαμηλές (6 και 12%, αντίστοιχα), σημειώθηκε αυξητική τάση. Το ενζυμικά συντεθειμένο (προϊόν κλιμάκωσης) και αναβαθμισμένο PBS (προϊόν μεταπολυμερισμού τήγματος στους 110°C, για 4 ώρες) ελέγχθηκε ως φορέας σε συστήματα ελεγχόμενης αποδέσμευσης, σε συνεργασία με την ερευνητική ομάδα του Εργαστηρίου Οργανικής Χημείας του ΕΜΠ. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, αρχικά σχηματίστηκαν κενά νανοσωματίδια ώστε να επιβεβαιωθεί η καταλληλότητα της μεθόδου που επιλέχθηκε (γαλακτωματοποίηση/εξάτμιση διαλύτη). Από τη διαδικασία παρήχθησαν νανοσωματίδια υδροδυναμικής διαμέτρου περίπου 470 nm. Στη συνέχεια, πραγματοποιήθηκε εγκλεισμός φλαβονοειδούς αντιοξειδωτικού (ναρινγίνη), ως μοντέλο δραστικής ουσίας προς εγκλεισμό, σε σωματίδια του ενζυμικά συντεθειμένου (και αναβαθμισμένου) PBS, για πρώτη φορά. Η απόδοση εγκλεισμού κρίθηκε ικανοποιητική (68 %) σε σχέση με τιμές αντίστοιχων συστημάτων που συναντώνται στη βιβλιογραφία. Η ελεγχόμενη αποδέσμευση του συστήματος αξιολογήθηκε μέσω προκαταρκτικών in vitro πειραμάτων αποδέσμευσης. Συμπερασματικά, παρά το χαμηλό του μοριακό βάρος, το ενζυμικά συντεθειμένο και αναβαθμισμένο PBS απεδείχθη υποσχόμενος υποψήφιος για συστήματα ελεγχόμενης αποδέσμευσης, ειδικά για εφαρμογές παρατεταμένης αποδέσμευσης.

Gunjal A

Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology • 2023

The different types of wastes viz., food, electronic, household, medical, etc. accumulate in large amount. The electronic waste is a serious problem which needs an urgent solution. The chemical process has disadvantages which is costly and causes soil and water pollution. Bioleaching using the microorganisms is a two-step process which can be used for the management of electronic wastes. The bioleaching is economical, eco-friendly and easy process in this. Bioleaching which is a biological process is very important. It is a sustainable approach. The metals leached during bioleaching can be used for making of precious jewellery and ornaments.

Banoth Sonyanaik, Dharavath Ravi, Perugu Shyam et al.

Research Square • 2023

Abstract An efficient eco-friendly synthesis of 4-aryl tetrazolo[1,5-a][1,8]naphthyridine derivatives have been successfully prepared through microwave method in short reaction time. The microwave method has unique advantages, short reaction time, easy workup procedure, and simple purification of the products. Synthesized the entire molecule evaluated for their antimicrobial activity among them compounds 6g and 6a demonstrated highest anti-microbial activity. Moreover, in silico molecular modeling evaluation has done by considering docking scores, hydrogen bond interactions, affinity, and the short distance between ligand and receptor. All the molecules good docking results have shown that binding interactions with the target protein and obtained results were well complemented to the antimicrobial activity.

Nasser Alafes, Siti Aida Samikon

International Journal of Intellectual Human Resource Management (IJIHRM) • 2021

Restaurants and dining industry is an important sector in Far East Russia, especially with the dining habits of citizens. If emerged with the fact that restaurants are one of the highest sectors in harming the environment, the eco-friendly dining behavior of customers and food providers becomes essential to protect the environment. The study aims to measure the antecedents of consumers’ intention and actual behavior in choosing restaurants and foods based on eco-friendly consideration in Russia Far East. The most common theories that were used to explore consumers’ evaluation of the sustainable restaurant concept include the theory of planned behavior, stakeholder theory, theory of social identity, and theory of self-congruity. The proposed model for this study includes attitude that depends on environmental beliefs, outcome evaluation, environmental awareness, health awareness, self-identity, social identity, attitude towards eco-friendly products. The population for this research is all the residents who live in the Russian Far East. According to the official Russian statistics, there are around 8.4 million people living in the Russian Far East, distributed among different age groups and the targeted sample size is 385. Data obtained from the survey is analyzed by using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 25) and SmartPLS 2.0.

H. A. El Nagy, Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz Mohamed

Scientific Reports • 2024

Abstract Ecofriendly ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized through amidation of ricinoleic acid, the main fatty acid in castor oil, followed by a quaternization reaction to solubilize ethanol in IL/diesel blends at different ratios. As a result, stable and highly renewable, low viscous microemulsion biofuels with high oxygen content were prepared. The prepared fuel samples combine the advantages of green ionic liquids and microemulsion properties. The chemical structures of ILs were confirmed with the aid of NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. DLS analysis revealed that the ethanol particles ranged in size from 8 to 18.1 nm in all samples. As ILs ratios decrease in microemulsion from 37 to 69%, the ethanol particle sizes increase from 10 to 25%. Ethanol shows good solubilization in diesel and IL-1 is more effective than IL-2 in ethanol solubilization at low percentages of ethanol due to more oxygen atoms besides three hydroxyl groups. The ternary phase diagram indicated that the microemulsion area in the case of using IL-1 is larger than that of IL-2. The fuel properties of the prepared microemulsions are nearly close to those of neat diesel and fall within the permitted range of ASTM D975. The viscosity and density values at low ratios of ILs are found to be very close to the values of the neat diesel at different temperatures. The prepared samples show a slight decrease in cetane number and heating value compared to diesel. However, they have improved flash points, cloud points, sulfur content, and acid value. The particle sizes were checked every week and the prepared samples showed high stability with the aid of the synthesized ILs. Moreover, the prepared microemulsions stayed in a transparent appearance for more than a year and no phase separation was observed.

Rashid Pervez, Mohammad Danish, Neeraj Verma

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2024

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a serious threat to the quantity and quality of many economic crops around the world. As a result of rising dissatisfaction with the hazards of chemical nematicides, interest in microbial control of PPNs is developing, and biological nematicides are becoming an important component of ecologically acceptable management strategies. Bionematicides can be employed in integrated nematode management (INM) programs to maximize their benefits, with techniques that make them complementary or superior to chemical nematode control approaches. This is especially relevant in integrated pest control systems because bionematicides can operate synergistically or additively with other crop inputs. bionematicides and other pesticides should be used in a more coordinated manner. This is especially relevant because numerous bionematicides are already or will soon be commercially available. It is still necessary to identify research objectives for using fungal and bacterial nematicides in sustainable agriculture, as well as to get a better knowledge of their ecology, biology, mode of action, and interactions with other agricultural inputs. As a consequence, utilizing a microbial nematicide from the stated category as a plant-parasitic nematode biocontrol agent is a viable long-term biocontrol technique in agriculture.

, T.E. Kuleshova, P.V. Zhelnacheva et al.

X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023: Cб. тез. • 2023

Bioelectrochemical systems have been created based on the electrogenic properties of the root environment. The average potential difference was 322 mV for lettuce, 323 mV for radish, and 368 mV for tomato at the vegetative stage. Leaf crops had the best electrical properties, and fruit crops made it possible to obtain a more stable and long-term output of green electricity.

Deepak Pant, Anoop Singh, Gilbert Van Bogaert et al.

ChemInform • 2012

Abstract Review: 162 refs.

Andrea Kinney, Gerard McKenna

Remediation Journal • 1998

Abstract Clean‐up of sites around the nation has been inhibited by the high costs of assessment and monitoring activities. The use of prescriptive methods adopted at the state and city levels further increase costs and slow cleanup activity. Performance Based Measurement Systems (PBMS) has the potential to change the way in which environmental scientists conduct assessment and cleanup activities. Through a case study, illustrating the way in which “change” can speed up normal assessment activities, the authors will show the utility of PBMS in a brownfields cleanup process. In addition to fostering scientific creativity in the design of measurement methods, PBMS opens the door for the use of many field technologies that had previously been disregarded. The full implementation of PBMS should result in stimulating the development of more innovative and necessary measurement systems.

Rob Rebel, Kyle Waldron

Remediation Journal • 2022

Abstract This is a continuation of the Remediation column highlighting sustainable and resilient remediation sponsored by the Sustainable Remediation Forum (or “SURF”). In this column we have two active members of U.S. SURF collaborate from two different perspectives, one from a consultant and a second perspective from industry on the following question.

Fatemeh Abedini, H. R. Madaah Hosseini

New Journal of Chemistry • 2020

The novel zeolite-based micromotors showed rapid and safe elimination of bacteria in a very short time and removed heavy metals efficiently.

R. Penades

European Psychiatry • 2017

Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) deals with the cognitive impairment, which is one of the most disabling symptoms of schizophrenia. Unfortunately, the understanding of its neurobiological correlates is far from complete. Neuroimaging studies have shown that CRT is able to induce neurobiological changes although the results have not always been enough replicated. The most commonly reported changes were those that involved the prefrontal and thalamic regions. Additionally, structural changes were described in both the grey and white matter, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of cognitive remediation. Neuroimaging studies of cognitive remediation in patients with schizophrenia suggest a positive effect on brain functioning in terms of the functional reorganisation of neural networks. From a different perspective, some changes in serum levels of Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been described. However, our replication of this trial has not been able to find any significant differences. So, nowadays the status of BDNF as a biomarker of cognitive recovery is possibly premature. One possible explanation can be the role of genetics and their different polymorphisms. COMT and BDNF polymorphisms could be accounting for the different outcomes of CRT. Moreover, some studies suggested a role of genes affecting dopamine modulation on outcomes of cognitive remediation. Disclosure of interest The author declares that he has no competing interest.

Karen Kinsella, Edward A. Summerly, Stephen M. Andrus et al.

Remediation Journal • 2013

A chlorinated volatile organic compound (cVOC) source area approximately 25 by 100 ft in a heavily industrialized urban area was characterized with groundwater tetrachloroethene (PCE) concentrations up to 9,180 μg/L. This is approximately 6 percent of PCE's aqueous solubility, indicative of the presence of residual dense, nonaqueous phase liquid. The resulting dissolved‐phase plume migrated off‐site. Biotic and abiotic dechlorination using a combination of a food‐grade organic carbon‐based electron donor and zero‐valent iron suspended in a food‐grade emulsifying agent reduced the source area PCE concentrations by 98 percent within 27 weeks, with minimal downgradient migration of daughter products dichloroethene and vinyl chloride. Combining biological dechlorination with iron‐based chemical dechlorination is synergistic, enhancing treatment aggressiveness, balancing pH, and optimizing degradation of both DNAPL and dissolved‐phase cVOCs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

, Sandile Psychology Mkhize

• 2002

Eutrophication is a natural process that is greatly aggravated by the action of man in the natural environment. Deterioration of South Africa's natural water resources results directly or indirectly from the discharge of industrial effluent rich in nutrient nitrogen and phosphorus. The South African edible oil refmeries generally discharge poor quality effluent which impacts negatively on the water resources and wastewater treatment installations. The main aim of this study was to assess the capacity of a laboratory scale effluent treatment process that will produce final effluent of acceptable quality with regards to organic load and phosphate concentration prior to its discharge into the municipal sewerage system. The study was conducted in three stages: wastewater characterization, treatability studies, and laboratory scale treatment investigations. After analysing various effluent parameters, treatability studies were conducted using an aerobic-anaerobic sequencing batch reactor with a total hydraulic retention time of 24 hours. The results showed an average of 75 % reduction of COD and more than 90 % removal of fats, oils and grease (FOG). Based on the results of effluent characterisation and treatability studies, a laboratory scale activated sludge effluent treatment process was designed and operated with two bioreactors (aerobic and anaerobic) in series. The system was operated for a period of one-month resulting in 70 % removal of COD and 4% reduction in phosphate (P04-P). After some structural and operational changes from the original design configuration, the system was the operated continuously for the duration of the study period. An optimum COD removal of 75 % and 107 mgll P04-P reduction was achieved during the last operational phase of the system. More than 95 % reduction in fats, oils and grease (FOG) had been achieved in both semi-continuously and continuously operated systems.b.7

Fatemeh R. Shirazi

Remediation Journal • 2002

Abstract Over the past few years, the focus of our research has been to respond to the recognized needs for novel biological processes that are capable of destroying a wide range of biodegradable pollutants and providing the perfect environment for complex interspecies interactions required for the degradation of environmental contaminants. A new biotechnology process called Biological Permeable Barrier (BPB) was developed to provide high microbial density, stable environmental conditions, and protective measures for microbial activities for in‐situ bioremediation of contaminated groundwater. This patented technology (U.S. Patent 6,337,019 ) is based on the creation of a structured matrix, or Bio‐beads, that provides the perfect environment for organic‐degrading microorganisms to establish biofilms capable of destroying the contaminants in water with remarkable stability and control. For over 240 days, the viability and performance of the BPB (Bio‐beads) system were shown for biodegradation of a targeted contaminant, 2,4,6‐ trichlorophenol (TCP), under a variety of operating and stress conditions (Razavi‐Shirazi, 1997 ). Extensive batch experiments were also conducted to obtain necessary data to determine the rate of TCP diffusion into the Bio‐beads, adsorption properties of the Bio‐beads, and substrate‐use rate of the mixed bioculture as free cells and as immobilized cells (Bio‐beads). A simulated model of BPB was also characterized with its porosity, permeability, and compressibility or deformation under typical field conditions. Our extensive research showed that BPB takes advantage of a controlled biotechnology process to overcome the disadvantages and uncertainties associated with conventional biological processes. A summary of our investigation is presented here. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Al Rafidain Journal of Engineering Sciences • 2024

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) are a major environmental pollutant, posing serious risks to soil health and ecosystems. TPH contamination, often resulting from crude oil spills and industrial activities, significantly disrupts soil structure, reduces fertility, and hinders the growth of plants and soil-dwelling organisms. In the environment, TPH compounds persist due to their hydrophobic nature, leading to long-term ecological damage. They can infiltrate groundwater, compromising its purity and presenting health hazards to humans and wildlife. The existence of TPH in soil modifies the population of bacteria, reduces biodiversity, and impedes natural processes such as nutrient cycling. Effective bioremediation techniques, such as microbial degradation, are essential for mitigating the harmful impacts of TPH on soil and the broader environment. This study emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable remediation strategies to restore contaminated soils and protect ecological and human health. This study investigates the influence of environmental circumstances on bacteria employed for the remediation of soil polluted with crude oil, focusing on bacterial strains sourced from the Baiji refinery in Iraq. Microbial rehabilitation is an economical and environmentally sustainable method for decomposing hydrocarbons into simpler molecules, making it an effective method for soil bioremediation. The study monitored biodegradation over seven months, assessing the degradation efficiency of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Environmental factors, including temperature, moisture levels, and nutrient availability, were closely monitored to assess their impact on bacterial activity. Ideal moisture range for bacterial growth and hydrocarbon degradation is often cited as 40% to 60% of the soil's WHC. Too much water can reduce oxygen availability in the soil, inhibiting aerobic bacterial growth, while too little water can limit microbial metabolism. Temperature affects bacterial metabolism and the rate of hydrocarbon degradation. Most hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria thrive in mesophilic conditions. The ideal temperature range for TPH degradation by bacteria is generally between 25°C and 35°C. At temperatures below 15°C, microbial activity and degradation rates slow significantly, while temperatures above 40°C can inhibit bacterial growth or even kill the microbes. The results revealed that the moisture: 40%–60% of soil's water-holding capacity and temperature 25°C–35°C maintaining these conditions promotes the optimal breakdown of hydrocarbons in bioremediation efforts. The results revealed significant degradation of crude oil, with a reduction of 40 initial compounds in untreated samples to 25-35 compounds in treated samples. The biodegradation rates increased steadily over time, with a removal efficiency reaching 72.38% by the end of the experiment. Additionally, the study demonstrated that environmental conditions, particularly temperature and moisture, play a pivotal role in optimizing bacterial degradation activity. These findings underscore the potential of bacteria in bioremediation efforts and the necessity of optimal environmental conditions, such as controlled temperature, moisture content, and nutrient levels, are essential for maximizing the efficiency of crude oil degradation in contaminated soils.

Dong Xia, Hanbin Zhao, Sohei Kobayashi et al.

Research Square • 2021

Abstract Black-odorous urban water bodies and sediments pose a serious environmental problem. Herein, we conducted microcosm batch experiments to investigate the effect of remediation reagents (magnesium hydroxide and calcium nitrate) on native bacterial communities and their ecological functions in the black-odorous sediment of urban water. The dominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Planctomycetes) and classes (Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Anaerolineae, and Planctomycetia) were determined under calcium nitrate and magnesium hydroxide treatments. Functional groups related to aerobic metabolism, including aerobic chemoheterotrophy, dark sulfide oxidation, and correlated dominant genera ( Thiobacillus , Lysobacter , Gp16, and Gaiella ) became more abundant under calcium nitrate treatment, whereas functional genes potentially involved in dissimilatory sulfate reduction became less abundant. The relative abundance of chloroplasts, fermentation, and correlated genera ( Desulfomonile and unclassified Cyanobacteria) decreased under magnesium hydroxide treatment. These results indicated that calcium nitrate addition improved hypoxia-related reducing conditions in the sediment and promoted aerobic chemoheterotrophy.

Morten Reeslev, Jan C. Nielsen, Lisa Rogers

Surface and Dermal Sampling • 2011

In the aftermath of flooding, rapid response assessment and cleanup is critical to recovery. In this study, the level of contamination of bacteria on surfaces in flooded houses was estimated and compared to the level found on surfaces in non-flooded houses with a rapid field test based on hydrolase enzyme activity present in bacteria and by measuring endotoxin. Sampling was performed by swabbing a 9 cm2 area using sterile cotton swabs wetted with a bacteriostatic buffer. A correlation between endotoxin levels and levels of hydrolase activity was seen (R2=0.6469, P<0.0001). The median value and the variance ofthe result distribution were higher in flooded buildings as compared to non-flooded buildings. In the non-flooded buildings, surfaces were divided into visually clean and visually dirty. As expected the level of bacteria was higher on the visually dirty surfaces, and overall the hydrolase activity correlated well with the visual inspection. Using the results from the visually clean surfaces in the reference buildings as the criteria for clean, four methods of cleaning were tested for their ability to reach these criteria.

David Adam Hook, Jerome Gilberry, Cortina Johnson et al.

Remediation Journal • 2024

Abstract The impact of water and the wet–dry cycle was examined as a potential mitigation solution to pathogenic bacterial spore transport and inhalation risk via resuspension of spores from surfaces due to human activities. In this study, a fine mist of water was distributed onto a hydrophilic surface to represent conditions during a dew cycle or fog. Resuspension experiments were conducted on clean and dusty surfaces while they were wet and after drying. These resuspension results were directly compared to surfaces that had not been subjected to any surface water treatment to determine an absolute resuspension rate reduction ratio that could be treated as independent of resuspension technique. A minimum of a 3‐log reduction in resuspension was observed for dusty wet coupons and a maximum reduction of 4‐logs was observed after the clean coupons had dried. Water treatments have been demonstrated to inhibit spore resuspension under certain laboratory conditions while under an air‐generated shear stress similar in magnitude to shear forces generated by human interaction. This research has demonstrated that treating surfaces with water to inhibit spore resuspension could be a valuable tool in exposure minimization and remediation after a bioterrorism event.

Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy

Biotechnology • 2019

Environmental pollution has been an irrefutable fact of life for many centuries; but it has become a real problem, since the start of the industrial revolution. Discharge of these toxic compounds without treatment results in serious health risks to humans and the marine ecosystem. Several physical, chemical and biological methods have been employed for the remediation of the phenolics. Bioremediation is identified as the most efficient, cost effective and eco-friendly ways for treatment of phenolic compounds. This article is a comprehensive review on the sources of phenolic compounds, their hazards, and their fate once released into the environment; the treatment technologies employed and bioremediation of these compounds using both non-extremophlic and extremophilic organisms. The review, throws light on the enzymes involved in the remediation of phenolic compounds, highlights the importance of extremophilic organisms and biological treatment of phenol containing industrial wastewaters. Such comprehensive information on the research work performed for the remediation of phenolic compounds provide ways to explore the role played by micro organisms in the remediation of phenolic compounds, which could be applied in the remediation of phenol /contaminated sites even under extreme conditions.

Dipankar Roy, Arup Kumar Mitra

Research Anthology on Emerging Techniques in Environmental Remediation • 2022

Chromium-like heavy toxic metals seriously influence the metabolism of living organisms and cause permanent threatening of health. Microorganisms can help to detoxify those hazardous heavy metals in the environment by the process of bioremediation. Two bacterial genera were isolated from industrial sludge designated P1 and P2. From the 16srRNA study, it is revealed that P1 is Bacillus cereus and P2 is Enterobacter sp. They are deposited in NCMR and NCBI and received the accession no. MCC 3868 for P1 and MCC 3788 for P2. P1 is gram positive, motile, and P2 is gram negative, motile. Eighteen antibiotics have been taken for antibiotic assay; P1 is resistant to 12; P2 is resistant to 8 antibiotics. For growth pattern analysis in chromium, three parameters have been selected, and they are temperature, pH, and biomass. In LD50 and above parameters, total chromium uptake by those bacteria in stressed conditions have been recorded. The two bacteria are not antagonistic to each other so they are used to bioremediate chromium from their contaminated sites and also treated as consortium.

The CIRS Academy et.al.

Medical Research Archives • 2021

In the absence of Federal safety standards for occupancy of buildings with a history of water intrusion, remediation of water-damaged buildings (WDB) has focused on building health issues, including correction of defects in the building envelope, microbial growth and removal of contaminated materials. To date, no guidelines have been published that incorporate human health parameters into professional recommendations regarding treatment of the potentially unsafe conditions found in WDB.This document is a consensus statement that expands on existing professional society recommendations by including guidelines for remediation of buildingsto be occupied by known, previously sickened patients.

Mitsuo Yoshida

Heavy Metals in the Environment - Contamination, Risk, and Remediation • 2025

Global mercury contamination presents a substantial threat to ecosystems and human health, primarily due to the conversion of inorganic mercury from anthropogenic sources into methylmercury by microorganisms in the environment. Wetlands are especially prone to this transformation due to their anaerobic conditions, abundant organic matter, and the prevalence of metal-reducing bacteria. This chapter explores the mechanisms of inorganic mercury methylation and the subsequent diffusion and accumulation of methylmercury in organisms and ecosystems, using a case study of mercury contamination in the Santa Lucia River wetlands in Uruguay. In this case, high concentrations of mercury were detected in the sediments over a 15,000 square meter area, exceeding regulated limits. The contamination was linked to the discharge of untreated wastewater containing inorganic mercury from a chlor-alkali plant. Although a wastewater treatment system was later installed, significant mercury contamination and hotspots persisted in the wetlands. These areas contained methylmercury in both the sediments and the biota, including reeds, shellfish, earthworms, and fish. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of Geobacter sulfurreducens and Geobacter metallireducens, bacteria known to methylate inorganic mercury. The existence of these microbial communities in areas of high mercury contamination poses serious risks at four levels to public health and ecosystems due to ongoing in situ methylation.

Talaat Balba, Sophia Dore, Donald Pope et al.

Remediation Journal • 2008

Abstract Degradation of chlorinated ethenes under aerobic conditions has been reported using a cometabolic pathway. A site in Illinois had shallow contamination and sandy soils, which in combination created aerobic conditions. The aerobic conditions prevented the degradation of chlorinated ethenes by reductive dechlorination. Biodegradation of chloroethenes under aerobic conditions does not occur naturally at all sites; however, it can be enhanced if microorganisms capable of cometabolic degradation are introduced into the soil. In this study, trichloroethene (TCE) removal in the soil was enhanced by the injection of a commercially available microbial inoculum (CL‐OUT® inoculum, CL‐Solutions, Cincinnati, OH) and nutrients and was compared to chlorinated ethene removal in soil that had received nutrients only and soil that had received activated sludge and nutrients. Trichloroethene removal was measured after one week, seven weeks, and eleven weeks. After one week, no significant TCE removal had occurred in any of the test microcosms. After seven weeks, a slight decrease in TCE levels accompanied by an increase in cis ‐1,2‐dichloroethene ( cis ‐1,2‐DCE) was seen in the microcosms that had received CL‐OUT®. After 11 weeks, a marked decrease in TCE levels was observed in the microcosms that had received CL‐OUT®. No significant TCE decrease was observed in any of the other microcosms. These data suggest that organisms capable of aerobic TCE degradation were not present at the site; however, the addition of an inoculum containing such organisms enabled aerobic degradation to occur. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Global NEST Journal • 2019

<p>The textile industry has an important place in the environmental pollution due to its heavy water consumption and to the toxic content of dye. Every succeeding day, the water quality is deteriorated because the wastewater containing the dye is supplied to the receiving medium. In this study, The electrocoagulation and electrofenton processes, which produce less waste than the conventional methods and which are less costly, have been investigated for decolourization of acrylic yarn dyeing wastewater. The electrocoagulation process was involved four electrodes parallel connected. To optimize the treatment, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. The operating independent conditions were selected as the current density (20 -100 A/m2), reaction time (5-25 minutes) and initial pH (pH 4.3-pH 8.3). As a result of optimization by RSM method, the highest Colour, COD and TOC removal were obtained as 96.2%, 43.8% and 40.4 % , respectively. In order to obtain these results, it was necessary to apply a current density of 100 A/m2 to the wastewater which has been set to an initial pH of 7.2 and 20.7 minutes. With the experimental setup installed, high colour removal can be achieved in as little as 15 minutes. Although the colour removal is high, COD removal does not meet discharge standards. Therefore, electrofenton process was applied for enhancing COD and TOC removal and removal rate increased to 70.0% and 61.5%, respectively. In order to study the removal mechanism for acrylic yarn dye wastewater by electrocoagulation process, kinetic modelling was applied. Energy consumption was also assessed.</p>

Global NEST Journal • 2024

<p>Purpose: This study investigates the efficacy of electrochemical remediation techniques in treating hospital wastewater, focusing on parameters including turbidity, color, BOD, COD, DO, coliform, and E. coli. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of various pollutant parameters, evaluating the impact of contact time on pollutant reduction. Electrochemical methods are explored for their potential in mitigating these parameters. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of electrochemical techniques in reducing a range of pollutant parameters, with significant reductions observed in turbidity (up to 99%), color (51%), BOD (99%), COD (60%), and microbial contaminants such as E. coli and coliform (up to 48%). Notably, the study reveals that higher voltage doesn't consistently result in superior performance. Limitations/Consequences of Research: While the study showcases promising results, certain limitations and challenges are acknowledged, including the need for further research to address these constraints and optimize electrochemical remediation processes. Practical Value: The study highlights the practical potential of electrochemical techniques as an effective means of wastewater treatment in hospital settings, offering insights into their application and benefits for environmental sustainability. Originality and Significance of Results: This research contributes novel insights into the application of electrochemical methods for hospital wastewater treatment, emphasizing their efficacy in reducing various pollutant parameters and providing a foundation for future research directions in this field.</p>

Shutao Wang, Zhisheng Liu, Weiqing Wang et al.

RSC Advances • 2017

Fate, transformation of NPs in WWTP & effects on wastewater treatment.

, Juraeva Oyisha Xayitovna, Kamolova Shahnoza Meliboevna et al.

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology • 2023

cIt is important to provide the population with clean drinking water. Drinking water must meet the requirements of special state standards and is a constant focus of health care institutions. The state standard requires the organization of sanitary protection zones of water sources and main water intake facilities.

Letters in Applied NanoBioScience • 2025

Due to the high amounts of pollutants found in clean drinking, the availability of safe drinking water has appeared as a serious global concern. To achieve this, the most recent new concepts or methods must be devised in which a hybrid wastewater treatment method can efficiently eradicate contaminants. Many treatment approaches, including biological, physical, and chemical procedures, have been developed to remove various contaminants. Unfortunately, no single technology can presently remove pollutants effectively; hybrid systems have consistently proved more successful. Wastewater contains power in the form of decomposable organic material. The notion of cleaning wastewater while producing electricity has recently gained popularity, and a hybrid treatment system for wastewater makes this possible. In this study, hybrid wastewater systems are classified as physical-biological or chemical-biological. Compared to isolated systems, hybrid methods have demonstrated considerable possible benefits, including significantly better treatment efficacy, more sustainable and steady voltage production, and economic gains.

P. Selvakumar, Ravi Kumar Gande, Reshma Jaweria et al.

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies • 2025

The burgeoning pharmaceutical industry, marked by rapid advancements and high production volumes, has created a significant environmental challenge in the form of pharmaceutical wastewater. This wastewater, which contains a complex cocktail of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), excipients, and by-products, poses a formidable risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health. As pharmaceuticals are designed to be biologically active at low concentrations, their presence in wastewater can lead to unintended consequences, such as the development of drug-resistant microorganisms and disruptions in the endocrine systems of aquatic species. The challenge is further compounded by the limitations of traditional wastewater treatment technologies, which often fall short in effectively removing these contaminants. Conventional methods such as activated sludge and secondary treatment processes are typically designed to handle organic matter and nutrients but are not always equipped to tackle the specific challenges posed by pharmaceutical compounds.

M. Adnan A. Khan

• 2021

Simulated wastewater samples containing antifreeze were treated biologically using a packed column as an aerator. The objective of this project is to determine the rate of biological degradation of ethylene glycol at different air flow rates, liquid flow rates, and varied seeding rates at different time intervals, to achieve the highest removal rate of the BOD. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater was measured. Under a liquid flowrate of 5.5 kg m̃²s̃¹ the BOD removal increased when the air flowrate was increased from 0.0069 to 0.0414 kg m̃²s̃¹. However, further increases of the air flowrate beyond 0.0138 kg m̃²s̃¹ did not affect the BOD removal rate significantly. On the other hand, with a constant air flowrate when the liquid flowrate was increased from 5.5 to 11, 16.5, and 27.5 kg m̃²s̃¹, the percent BOD removal appeared to decrease slightly. It was also found that the increase in amount of seeding has no significant effect on BOD removal. The averaged BOD removal of about 90% was obtained after 72 hours of the wastewater treatment.