Paul F. Meier

The Changing Energy Mix • 2020

This chapter explores how the fifty US states generate electricity, and the analysis shows significant variation in how electricity is generated state-by-state. While coal was formerly the dominant fuel for generating electricity, natural gas surpassed coal in 2015. Although thirteen states still produce more than 50% of their electricity from coal, fourteen states generated less than 5%. There have been no new nuclear power plants built since 1996, but seven states still generated more than 40% of their electricity from this resource. In renewable energy, wind and solar are gaining in importance. Fourteen states now generate more than 10% of their electricity from wind, and three states more than 30%. Solar energy is also growing, but mostly in the sun-drenched states of California, Arizona, Nevada, and North Carolina, which account for 67% of US solar energy. Hydroelectric is also important, and five states generated more than 50% of their electricity from hydroelectric plants.

, Laura Marí Tomàs

• 2015

The problem addressed in this thesis is the medium-term generation planning over a yearly horizon of a generation company participating in a liberalized electricity market with pool auction of generation and consumption and with bilateral contracts between generation companies and distributions companies or big consumers. It is assumed that the generation portfolio of several generation companies includes a significant proportion of dispatchable renewables (hydro generation with storage reservoirs and pumping schemes) and non-dispatchable renewables as wind power and solar photovoltaic generation. It is also assumed than more than one generation company are able to influence market-price levels through their bidding in the auction so that the market could be oligopolistic. The results obtained are of interest to price-maker generation companies, but also to price-taker generators, and to the market operator to check whether the participants in the market behave as a cartel or seeking an equilibrium. The stochasticity of parameters in the medium-term planning is modeled in two ways. Regarding consumers load and generation unit outages, through the use of the probabilistic method of load matching: by representing the load through predicted load-duration curves of each period into which the yearly horizon is subdivided, by considering the capacity and an outage probability of each generation unit and by using the existing convolution techniques and the linear-inequality load-matching constraints. Regarding renewable energy sources, stochastic programming is used. Hydro-generation scenarios of inflows are developed for each period. As for non-dispatchable renewables (wind power and solar photo-voltaic generation), a novel model of representing them through two pseudo-units: one base unit with small outage probability and a crest unit with large outage probability is proposed, and scenarios are developed for the relevant parameters of the pseudo-units. The solar photo-voltaic generation model requires splitting each period into three subperiods with the dark hours, with the medium-light hours and with the bright hours. Quasi-Monte Carlo techniques have been employed to create a large scenario fan later reduced to a scenario tree with a reduced number of scenarios. Market prices are taken into account through an endogenous linear market-price function of load duration whose intercept depends on total hydro generation level and on wind power and solar photovoltaic level in each node of the scenario tree. With such market price function, the endogenous cartel solution and the equilibrium solutions to the medium-term planning can be obtained. To avoid having to consider the total exponential number of load-matching constraints, a load matching heuristic has been employed where small batches of new load matching constraints are generated after successive optimizations considering only the generated load matching constraints. For equilibrium solutions, the Nikaido-Isoda relaxation algorithm of successive solutions is employed using the successive optimizations of the load-matching heuristic. In mixed-market systems with auction and bilateral contracts, a time-share hypothesis is formulated and the profits function for generation companies with the generation left after honoring their bilateral contracts is formulated. The profit function obtained is non-convex, and a direct global optimization solver was tried, but proved not to be practical for the size of problem to be solved. A non-linear interior-point constrained optimization solver, also employed for problems in pure pool markets, was tried with several special techniques to circumvent the troubles caused by the non-convexity of the objective function and satisfactory results were obtained. A novel model of multi-period medium-term pumping was presented and employed. Results for several realistic test cases having different generation settings have been presented and analyzed. El problema adreçat en aquesta tesi és el de la planificació a mig termini de la generació elèctrica d'una companyia que participa dins d'un mercat elèctric. S'ha assumit que aquestes companyies generadores disposen d'una proporció significant d'energies renovables despatxables (com la generació hidràulica amb embassaments d'emmagatzematge i sistemes de bombeig) i d'energies renovables no-despatxables tals com l'energia eòlica i la generació d'energia solar fotovoltaica. També s’ha tingut en compte que més d'una companyia generadora és capaç d'influir en els nivells de preu de mercat a través de les seves ofertes dins de la subhasta tractant-se, doncs, d'un mercat oligopolístic. Els resultats obtinguts són interessants per a companyies generadores del tipus 'price-maker', però alhora també ho són per companyies 'price-taker' i, finalment, també ho són per a l'operador del mercat per tal de comprovar si els participants en el mercat es comporten com si hi hagués 'cartel' o si bé busquen l'equilibri. L'estocasticitat de la càrrega i les panes de les unitats de generació dins de la planificació a mig termini es modela mitjançant l'ús del mètode probabilístic de recobriment de la càrrega: tot representant la càrrega a través de corbes predites de durada de la càrrega per a cada període tractat, utilitzant tècniques existents de convolucions i les anomenades constriccions de recobriment de la càrrega que són de desigualtat i lineals. Pel que fa a les energies renovables s'ha emprat programació estocàstica. Per a cada període s'han desenvolupat escenaris d'hidràulica per a les aportacions naturals d'aigua. Pel que fa a les renovables no-despatxables (eòlica i solar), es presenta un nou model per a representar-les a través de dues pseudo-unitats: una unitat de base amb una probabilitat de pana molt petita i una unitat de cresta amb una probabilitat de pana gran. La generació solar requereix un model més complex ja que s'han dividit les hores solars en tres subperíodes: sense sol, sol mig i sol. També s'han creat escenaris per als paràmetres més rellevants d'aquestes pseudo-unitats. S'han emprat mètodes de Quasi-Monte Carlo per a crear un gran arbre d'escenaris de tipus FAN que, posteriorment, s'ha reduït a un arbre d'escenaris d'una determinada mida. La funció de preu de mercat respecte a la durada de la càrrega és una funció endògena on es té en compte la variació observada del nivell dels preus amb la generació hidràulica, la generació eòlica i la solar a cada node dins de l'arbre d'escenaris. Amb aquest tipus de funció de preu de mercat, les solucions de cartel i les d'equilibri poden ser obtingudes. Per tal de no haver de considerar un nombre exponencial de constriccions de recobriment, s'utilitza una heurística on petits subconjunts de restriccions es van generant després de successives optimitzacions considerant només les constriccions de recobriment generades. Per a les solucions d'equilibri, s'ha utilitzat l'algoritme de relaxació de Nikaido-Isoda en les successives optimitzacions de l'heurística. Pels mercats mixtos (amb subhasta i contractes bilaterals) s'ha formulat una hipòtesi de 'time-share' i s’ha presentat una funció de beneficis de les empreses generadores on només es té en compte la generació que resta després d'haver satisfet els contractes bilaterals. La funció obtinguda és no convexa i s'ha utilitzat un resolutor d'optimització global, però s'ha vist que no era pràctic per a la mida del problema que s'estava solucionant. Per aquest motiu, s'ha utilitzat un resolutor no lineal de punt interior (Ipopt) amb diverses tècniques especials per tal d'eludir els problemes causats per la no convexitat de la funció objectiu tot obtenint resultats satisfactoris. Finalment, s'ha presentat i s'ha utilitzat un nou mètode per introduir els esquemes de bombeig multi-període i a mig termini. Es mostren i s'analitzen els resultats obtinguts per a diversos casos de prova (realistes) amb diferents configuracions de generació.

Eric Wong

Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal • 1999

Thi s article discusses what it will take to finally make retail accessand cons umer choice happen. Many of the components are in place orar e in the process of being addressed . These include FERC's Jurisdictionover wh olesale rates and transmission tariffs; and the historic December1998 California Public Utilities Commission's decision, at the urging ofthe California Alliance for Distributed Energy Resources (CADER), tobegin a rulemaking on Distributed Generation.With the federal role being solidified and definitive and progres-siv e rules expected from the initiative in California and other states, thefocu s now shifts to the practical side of retail competition. In a nutshell,th e mak e-or-br eak of fully competitive retail markets rests in Internetappliances and the start-up firms that are developing them .

Athikom Bangviwat, Orathai Chaisinboon, Apinya Puapattanakul

Preprints.org • 2025

The study focuses on the returns to factors of electricity production by different technologies, which can be beneficial to the promotion of electricity production in the future. Six (6) technologies employed for electricity production in Thailand, which are coal-fired, natural gas-fired, biomass, hydropower wind turbines, and solar photovoltaic power plants, are included in the study. Cash flow analysis is used as the tool to identify the distribution of the plants’ revenues to different factors of productions. Revenues received from electricity sales are paid to the required expenses, and shared among the factors of production, namely fuel costs, operation and maintenance expenses, utilities, personnel wages, taxes, interests, loans, and dividends. Power plants of different technologies require different amounts of investments and proportions factors of production. It is interesting to learn how the payments are returned to the owners of the factors of the production, which include fuel and utility suppliers, workers, owners, financial institutes (through interests and loans), government and society (through taxes), for a unit price of electricity paid by customers.

• 1983

Contained within the 5th Edition (1978 to 1995) of the National Atlas of Canada is a map that shows the generating stations (by size, type and status) and transmission lines (by voltage category). A table lists all stations giving name, operator and other data.

Victor Bravo, Roberto Kozulj

Latin American/Caribbean Gas & Electricity Congress • 1997

Abstract One of today's great mysteries is the future evolution of the price of fuels for the generation of electricity. This is due both to the uncertain evolution in the price of oil and oil byproducts and to the impact of deregulation in the price of natural gas at wellhead in the medium and long term, as well as to fluctuations in the supply price of electricity within a deregulated and diversified system such as the Argentine one. The present work delves into these matters and provides a joint forecast of the price of the main fuels for electricity generation under different hypothesis combinations. At the same time, it includes a brief analysis of the repercussions which a price increase of natural gas at wellhead would have on electricity costs and contrasts such forecasts with those arising from different supply scenarios, referring the analysis to average annual monomial prices from the wholesale electricity market. Furthermore, limitations are pointed out as regards information and methodology limitations to carry out forecasts with predictive rather than informative value, notwithstanding the inclusion of means to deal with uncertainty.

Patrick Magee, Mark Tooley

The Physics, Clinical Measurement, and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice • 2005

Abstract The first part of the chapter is intended to give the reader an introduction sufficient to understand the electronics and signal processing sections.BasicrulesOhm’s law states that the current (I) measured in amperes flowing through a conductor of resistance (R) measured in ohms (D) is proportional to the electro-motive force (voltage, V) measured in volts. For a constant voltage, V = IR.

Jeff D. Makholm

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2016

Major industries often enough intersect with others, creating difficult regulatory problems in the intersection.

Peter Kelly‐Detwiler

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2015

It has recently been observed that energy storage feels much like the solar industry did five or so years ago.

K. S. Sivaprasad, Surendra Saxena

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2019

The conversion of millions of tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) to electricity is very important for our environment and industrial sectors.

Qing Wang, Dong Tian, Jinguang Hu et al.

RSC Advances • 2020

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a fascinating and renewable polymer, can be applied widely in various bio-based materials.

Vishrut Kansal

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2014

In 2011, India was estimated to have the largest population without access to electricity despite having consistently witnessed positive economic growth rate of 6.6 percent, 10.3 percent, and 8.5 percent in 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively. 1 Thus, India is a major thrust area of international conventions and policies focused on universalizing access to sustainable energy.

Jeff D. Makholm

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2016

In a recent column in this journal, I discussed how in the early to middle nineteenth century Napoleon and Bismarck contributed to Europe's lack of any shale gas development compared to the shale boom in North America. 1 But that is rather recent business compared to those seventeenth‐century fishermen off the coast of South America who noticed unusually warm waters that tended to occur every few years around Christmas—labelling the phenomenon El Niño .

, Muzi Brian Mntungwa

• 2007

The research assesses employee readiness at eThekwini Electricity to form part of the Regional Electricity Distributor, which had been legislated by Government. The premise of the study is to investigate, identify and understand key factors likely to promote or inhibit effective readiness to change. If these factors can be measured by the organisation, an evaluation of the difficulty of the change effort can then be used to plan accordingly. By assessing readiness for change in the organisation, Top Management will be in a position to identify gaps that may exist between their own expectations about the change effort and those of other organisational members.

John Caldwell

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2020

The level of price elasticity for electricity service has always been a subject rife with controversy. Estimates of price elasticity in this industry have varied widely, and little if any consensus exists on what the true level of price elasticity is. This lack of consensus is evident in regulatory filings involving electricity rate increases, where price elasticity is generally ignored as a factor influencing future sales and revenues after the rate increases occur. Complicating the issue further is the question of exactly what price (if any) electricity customers are responding to: the total bill, the marginal (per kWh) rate, or some combination thereof. And of course, the answer to this question will be affected by the existence of any customer‐facing programs that make consumers more aware of and/or provide incentives to respond to time‐varying electricity prices.

Joel Seppälä, Joonas Kari, Pertti Järventausta

Electricity • 2024

Clean transition increases the demand for reliable electricity distribution, but while the capacity can be improved through investments, responding to the demand increases costs for the customers. This study presents a methodological improvement to the assessment of the reasonability of pricing, by comprehensively analyzing pricing regulation data to define the total cost of electricity distribution by clustering. A novel systematic view on the volume and distribution of economic steering shows that according to the regulation data in Finland, the total annual cost of distribution for the present level of reliability varies from EUR 490/a in an urban environment to EUR 1220/a per customer in sparsely populated areas. The majority of the total costs of distribution stem from actual utility expenses. The approach and results may be used for implementing TOTEX models for future pricing regulation.

Andreas Sumper, Paula Ferreira

Electricity • 2020

Electricity has fascinated humans since the early days [...]

Shuo Han, Xiong-ying Gao, Han-jie Ying et al.

Green Chemistry • 2016

A scheme of basic metabolic pathways and energy conservation in C. ljungdahlii .

Riley Stockard

• 2022

Synthetic biologists are bad at making stably engineered cells. Enforcing microbial cooperation can help, if only we can study and recreate it.

Sampat Nehra, Raj Kumar Gothwal, Alok Kumar Varshney et al.

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2023

Agricultural production is majorly hampered by the negative impact of both biotic and abiotic stress in most developing countries. Among abiotic stresses, soil salinity is a major problem, affecting crop production and responsible for limiting the growth and productivity of plants in different areas of the world due to increasing use of poor quality of water, flooding, over-irrigation, seepage, silting, and a rising water table. In agriculture, salt-tolerant rhizospheric/endophytic microorganisms play an important role in helping alleviate abiotic stresses in plants. Under plant-microbe interactions, plant root-associated microbes, including endophytes, closely interact and cooperate with plants, and mediate important physiological and metabolic processes, thereby enhancing the plant’s tolerance to salinity stress. Several mechanisms have been developed for microbial alleviation of salinity stress in plants, including the production of phytohormones, improving plant nutrient status, production of ACC deaminase, salt exclusion, and enhancing resistance to drought in plant cells. A wide range of micro-organisms are available that have diverse mechanisms for salt stress alleviation in plants. Future research needs to be directed towards field evaluation for the validation of the potential microbes.

Ashwini A. Waoo, Shivangi Agnihotri

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2022

A microorganism is a term given to small living beings whose size is measured in microns. Bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoans are a few of them that reside in the air, water, and soil. This review is about the microorganisms found in soil. These microorganisms have different functions in soil decomposition of dead organic matter, such as ecological food web balance, and making nutrients available to plants. Recently, their role in alleviating different abiotic stresses like salinity and drought has been marvelous. These microbes are also being used in biopesticide form, which is environmentally friendly and safe for other living organisms. Bacteria convert the inaccessible nutrients from dead matter into usable forms. Actinomycetes give off the typical smell of soil, and these microorganisms are also being used as a source of therapeutic medicines. Fungi are helpful in the way that they break down impossible nutrients, which are then available to other microbes. They also colonize plant roots and thus aid in plant growth. Algae promote submerged aeration as their photosynthesis is faster and adds more oxygen. Algae also help prevent the loss of nitrates that help in building soil structures by promoting the weathering of rocks. Nematodes help maintain the ecological equilibrium of their habitat. Viruses are the mode of gene transfer between organisms in the soil. Thus, these microorganisms have different functions in the soil to maintain the soil's structure and the balance between the environment and its living beings.

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2024

This volume is a compilation of reviews on the industrial usage of soil microorganisms. The contents include 16 brief reviews on different soil microbe assisted industrial processes. Readers will be updated about recent applications of soil bacteria, fungi and algae in sectors such as agriculture, biotechnology, environmental management. The reviews also cover special topics like sustainable agriculture, biodiversity, ecology, and intellectual property rights of patented strains, giving a broad perspective on industrial applications of soil microbes. Volume 3 emphasizes various soil microorganisms including cyanobacteria and mycorrhiza. The 16 chapters cover the ecological significance of mycorrhiza to and their role in sustainable agriculture, microbial interactions with nematodes, microbes as biocontrol agents, and the use of endophytes in agriculture, Chapters also shed light on industrial aspects and microbial biotransformation, providing a comprehensive view of sustainable agricultural practices. Special topics such as the microbial carotenoids are also included.

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2023

This volume is a compilation of reviews on the industrial usage of soil microorganisms. The contents include 16 brief reviews on different soil microbe assisted industrial processes. Readers will be updated about recent applications of soil bacteria, fungi and algae in sectors such as agriculture, biotechnology, environmental management. The reviews also cover special topics like sustainable agriculture, biodiversity, ecology, and intellectual property rights of patented strains, giving a broad perspective on industrial applications of soil microbes. Volume 2 includes reviews on destructive microbes like Macrophomina Phaseolina, eco-friendly microbes like Beauveria Bassiana, the identification of fungi in the rhizosphere, the industrial application of Trichoderma, and other topics. The text is easy to understand for readers of all levels, with references provided for the benefit of advanced readers.

Kishor Chand Kumhar, Ramesh Nath Gupta

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2022

 Soil is the basic and important medium that supports plant and microbial communities for their growth and development. Soil, plants, and microorganisms interact in various ways in nature. The interaction between plants and microbes may be harmful or beneficial in the soil environment. The phytopathogens have harmful effects, whereas antagonists may have beneficial effects on the plant community. The antagonists are capable of controlling phytopathogens through different modes of action. The antagonists may be fungi, bacteria, or actinomycetes under the category of biological control agents (BCAs). Amongst the antagonists, the genus Trichoderma is considered a superstar and the most widely exploited biological control agent. Besides plant disease management, it has the potential to enhance vegetative plant growth and resistance against biotic as well as abiotic stresses. In the last couple of years, public interest has been switching from synthetic fungicides to non-chemical fungicides in the agricultural sector. In such a situation, Trichoderma spp. could be an ideal option with zero harm to the ecosystem and human health. In India, there are hundreds of manufacturers and marketers of Trichoderma products. The majority of its products are available in the form of wettable powder (WP) formulations with variable active ingredients, whereas liquid formulations are very rare. Its formulations are mainly used to manage soil-borne fungal phytopathogens such as species of Fusarium, Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Verticillium, etc., of cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit, and plantation crops. It can also control certain air-borne fungal phytopathogens such as species of Alternaria, Curvularia, Colletotrichum, etc. It has great scope in the organic agriculture scenario, and its usage in the crop production system has been increasing day by day. The dose of its application for different crops, diseases, formulations, and manufacturers is variable. However, it should, like synthetic fungicides, be uniform to avoid unnecessary confusion and hesitation among the end-users.

Dr. Mehwash Kashif, Dr. Aman Ashar

Microbes of Medical Importance • 2024

In dentistry, microbes are crucial because they affect both oral health and illness. It is essential to comprehend these microbes in order to engage in proper dental hygiene and avoid dental diseases. One of the most important microorganisms is Streptococcus mutans, which is known to have a part in the development of dental caries. Because it depends on confections, these bacteria produce acids that damage tooth enamel and promote the growth of cavities. On the other hand, Streptococcus salivarius is advantageous because it produces antimicrobial peptides that fight harmful microbes and improve dental health

Enkhbat Zayabaatar, Tang Nguyen Mai Trinh, Minh Tan Pham

Research Square • 2022

Abstract The cytokine storm leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction in COVID-19 cases. One of the major cytokines is IL-6, which is positively associated with the severity of the condition. In the present study, nasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (NPP) elevated IL-6 abundancy in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in mice. Staphylococcus epidermidis K1 ( S. epidermidis K1)-colonized mice nasally administered with glycerol or FMN resulted in a reduction of NPP-induced IL-6. S. epidermidis fermented glycerol to generate a large amount of electrons which further supported bacterial colonization. Inhibition of riboflavin kinase in S. epidermidis considerably suppressed the effect of nasal S. epidermidis plus glycerol on the decrement of NPP-induced IL-6. Taken together, our results show that nasal colonization of S. epidermidis mitigates a cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

, G.N. Bissenova, B.Zh. Sadykova et al.

BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series • 2022

A promising direction of biological agriculture is the use of the potential of useful soil and rhizospheric microflora, among which nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-mobilizing natural microorganisms occupy a significant place. Biologics created based on soil microorganisms make it possible to change approaches in the technology of growing agricultural plants. When selecting strains of potential producers of biological products, an important aspect is the ability to have a positive effect on the growth and development of plants, providing them with mineral nutrition, adaptation to various stresses, protect soils from depletion, restore their natural fertility and maintain the biological diversity of plant communities. The aim of the study was to select promising microorganisms with high growth-stimulating activity against crops such as wheat and lentils. As a result of the primary screening, 76 isolates of soil bacteria were isolated, 16 of which were selected as the most active isolates exhibiting pronounced antimicrobial properties. Further, 7 strains of microorganisms were selected from them (D.acidovorans Ш-1, St.maltophilia КЖ-1, B.cereus ТБ-1, E.cloacae КБ-2, E.ludwiqii ТБ-2, E. cloacae ШБ-2, E.cloacae Т-3), which showed a high degree of germination of plant seeds. It was found that the bacterial suspension of each of the strains P.fluorescens АК-4, St.epidermidis СhK-4, B.cereus ТБ-1, E.cloacae КБ-2, E.ludwiqii ТБ-2, E.cloacae ШБ-2, E.cloacae Т-3 has a high growth- stimulating effect on the growth performance of wheat. When treating lentil seeds with a culture liquid of each of the strains B.cereus ТБ-1, E.cloacae КБ-2, E. ludwiqii ТБ-2, S.marcescens ТК-2, E.cloacae ШБ-2, E.cloacae Т-3 growth rates increased in all studied concentrations. As a result, the article identifies the most active microorganisms with high growth-stimulating activity and increasing the germination of plant seeds. Thus, the selected promising bacterial strains are recommended as a basis for the development of biological products that increase seed germination and stimulate the growth of agricultural plants.

Liza Rouyer, Claude Becker, Niklas Schandry

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2025

ABSTRACT Plants participate in intricate interactions with a multitude of microorganisms, many of which also influence each other. This holobiont is situated in a chemical soil environment that is defined, in parts, by the specialised metabolite legacy of proximal and preceding organisms, including other plants. Here, we investigated the influence of external plant-derived specialised metabolites on the interactions among root-associated bacterial strains, and between these strains and a plant host. Using benzoxazinoids and their derivatives as a model in both simplified pairwise experiments and more complex multi-organism analyses, we show that these chemicals can modulate bacteria-bacteria, as well as bacteria-plant interactions. While the chemical environment alone had little effect on the plant at the molecular level, it differentially affected plant chemical defences, immunity, and sugar transport when combined with single-isolate or micro-community inoculums. Our study underlines the importance of the chemical environment in modulating organismic interactions and illustrates the value of combining reduced-complexity, bottom-up reconstruction approaches with top-down holobiont profiling. SIGNIFICANCE Many plant species secrete specialized metabolites into the soil, where they can have a long-lasting effect on subsequent plant generations and their associated microbiomes. Understanding the effect of this chemical environment on soil- and plant-associated microbiomes is crucial to determine the impact of soil legacy on host plants, for example in the context of crop rotations. Here, we report that the interactions among root-associated microbes are modulated by specialized metabolites of the benzoxazinoid family, which are prominent metabolites in many grasses. We further show that the chemical environment can inhibit the defence capacity of the plant towards colonizing bacteria, and that more complex bacterial communities are able to mitigate these effects. Our work highlights the importance of deconstructing bacterial communities and the chemical environment to gain insights into the fine-tuned molecular mechanisms that determine the outcome of complex organismic interactions.

Sivasankar Annamalai, Manikandan Santhanam, Subramanian Sudanthiramoorthy et al.

RSC Advances • 2016

The present study focuses on the electrokinetic process for the in situ formation of electroactive species at the anode.

J. A. BRUCE, M. S. WRIGHTON

Chemischer Informationsdienst • 1982

Abstract Elektroden lassen sich mit dem Bipyridiniumdi‐ bromid (I) unter Bildung eines oberflächenbegrenzten elektroaktiven Polymeren (PQ"‐2 Br′)" funktionalisieren.

, Kraipop Thongsak

• 2008

The electrorheological (ER) properties of styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymers (SIS) films (D1114P (19%wt PS), D1164P (29%wt PS), and D1162P (44%wt PS) and the polymer blends between dedoped-polydiphenylamine (De_PDPA) and SIS with D1114P, were in investigated under oscillatory shear mode at frequency of 0.01-100 rad/s, at electric field strengths between 0 to 2 kV/mm in the temperature sweep. In both pure SIS systems, their storage moduli (G’) exhibit linear increases with temperature above 330 K at l rad/s in the absence of electric field; and they become higher with increasing electric field up to 1 kV/mm. The storage modulus response (ΔG’) of polymer blends linearly increases with increasing particle concentration above 5% vol and increasing electric field strengths. The sensitivity is reduced at the concentrations beyond 10 and 20% vol, at electric field of 1 and 2 kV/mm respectively, while the storage modulus at these electric fileds still dramatically increase. Temporal response experiments show that the increase in particle concentration reduces induction time (Ʈind) and increases the reduction time (Ʈred). The deflection distances of D1114P and D1164P increase in stepwise manners similar to those of the blend systems. D1162P system shows no deflection response. The blend systems show increases in the deflection response with increasing particle concentration up to 10% vol and decreases at a concentration beyond that.

, Katie Anne Brasell

• 2014

<p>There has been an increase in the prevalence and intensity of Phormidium autumnale-dominated benthic blooms in New Zealand over the last decade. This species produces the potent neurotoxins Anatoxin-a, Homoanatoxin-a and their derivatives, and consumption of P. autumnale biofilms has led to over 70 dog deaths since 2005. The mechanisms regulating the dominance and toxicity of P. autumnale are still unclear, as these blooms can reach high biomass in low nutrient conditions. Benthic biofilms are composed of multiple taxa and usually harbor a complex community of bacteria and other microbes, which can change over time and interact to facilitate biofilm development and metabolic processing. Prior to this thesis, the microbial composition of P. autumnale-dominated biofilms was unknown. This study provides insights into the relationships of this neurotoxic cyanobacterium with microbial components of the biofilm community. Benthic biofilms were sampled every two to four days for 32 days from three sites in the Hutt River (Wellington) following a high flow event. A combination of microscopy and molecular techniques (bacterial ARISA and Illumina™ sequencing) were used to identify the micro-algal and bacterial components of the biofilm throughout its development. Variation in total anatoxin production was measured using LC-MS and changes in toxic P. autumnale cell numbers were quantified using QPCR. A suite of environmental variables (point velocity, depth, flow, conductivity, temperature and nutrients) were also monitored throughout the study period. Three distinct phases of microbial succession were identified (early, mid and late) using non-metric multidimensional cluster analyses. The micro-algal community composition (including P. autumnale) shifted from early to mid-phase ca. 16 days after the flushing flow and from mid to late phase at ca. day 30. The ARISA and Illumina™ sequencing showed the bacterial community shifts occurred ca. 4 and 9 days before the respective micro-algal community shifts. These analyses indicate a close coupling of the micro-algal and bacterial communities and may suggest bacterial driven succession. However, bacteria are likely to depend on micro-algal by-products for nutrition from the mid-phases onward and assessment of the metabolic processes occurring within the biofilms is needed to clarify this. Phormidium autumnale was dominant in the biofilm from an early stage in development and grew exponentially despite an influx of diatoms at day 20. None of the environmental parameters measured could explain the temporal variation in micro-algal and bacterial communities, which suggested that intrinsic rather than extrinsic factors were more important in regulating succession. This further supports the hypothesis that biofilm microbes may facilitate P. autumnale dominance. There was a significant variation in anatoxins per cell over time (p = 0.034). Production of anatoxins was greatest in the mid-phase of succession (208 fg cell⁻¹), coinciding with an increase in diatom biomass, which could implicate anatoxins as allelopathic chemicals that alleviate the effects of competition on P. autumnale. Changes in proportions of the different anatoxin variants produced over time also aligned with the three successional phases in both the micro-algal and bacterial communities, providing further evidence of a relationship between anatoxin production and microbial biofilm components. Bacterial taxa of the Alphaproteobacteria were dominant within the early bacterial community, but were surpassed by the Betaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria in mid and late phases. Bacterial genera involved in exopolysaccharide production, alkaline phosphatase activity and biopolymer degradation were identified. These attributes are important in the formation, maintenance and break-down of biofilms and therefore strengthen the likelihood of linkages between the micro-algal and bacterial community. Further investigations into functional roles of the biofilm components are needed to infer relationships between P. autumnale and the bacterial community. A clear pattern of microbial succession is described here and linkages between the micro-algal and bacterial communities are evident. Future work should focus on the functional attributes of microbes occurring at different stages of succession to further understand how P. autumnale dominates these benthic communities.</p>

shougang Chen, yanan Pu, wenwen Dou et al.

Research Square • 2022

Abstract This work gives the latest insights into the pure nickel (Ni) microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) induced by Desulfovibrio vulgaris (D. vulgaris). Riboflavin, a soluble redox mediator for electron transfer, is involved in a variety of redox processes in biogeochemical systems. By comparison, 20 ppm riboflavin dramatically enhanced the Ni MIC (59% increase in weight loss), while the Cu MIC showed no effect due to the fact that Cu MIC was metabolite (M)-MIC. Furthermore, H2 detection in the headspace revealed that neither proton nor H2S corrosion occurred in the Ni MIC (Cu MIC caused by the biogenic H2S produced copious amounts of H2, whereas the Ni MIC did not). The experimental results and thermodynamic analysis indicated that Ni D. vulgaris MIC was energetically generated by trapping electrons, which was classified as extracellular electron transfer (EET)-MIC.

Camilla M. Braguglia, Simona Rossetti

Microorganisms • 2022

Increasing amounts of organic waste are produced globally from a wide range of industrial activities, wastewater treatment plants, agricultural processing, and human food consumption [...]

Trygve Brautaset, Svein Valla

Microorganisms • 2019

Microorganisms are widely used in industrial biotechnology as cell factories for the sustainable production of a wide range of compounds and chemicals [...]

, Toemphong Puvanatvattana

• 2005

Poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) was synthesized via and oxidative polymerization and blended with polyisoprene rubber (PI). Electrorheological properties of pure polyisoprene and polythiophene/polyisoprene blends were investigated for the effects of electric field strength, crosslinking ratio, and particle doncentration. Experiments were carried under the oscillatory shear mode and applied electric filed strength varying from 0 to 2 kV/mm. The dynamic moduli, G’ and G”, of the pure polyisoprene depended on the crosslinking ratio and electric filed strength; the storage modulus (G’) increased but the loss modulus (G”) decreased with increasing crosslinking ratio. The storage modulus (G’) and the loss modulus (G”) of the pure polyisoprene fluid exhibited no value change with increasing electric field strength. For PI with the crosslinking ratios of 2, 3, 5 and 7, the storage modulus sensitivity, ∆G’ increased with electric field strength and attained maximum values of 10%, 60%, 25%, and 30% at the electric field strength of 2 kV/mm, respectively. For the blends of undoped polythiophene and PI (Pth _ U/PI _ 03), with the undoped particle concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% vol., the dynamic moduli, G’ and G” of each blend were generally higher than those of pure crosslinked polyisoprenes (PI _ 03). Their storage modulus sensitivity, ∆G’ increased with electric filed strength and attained a maximum value of 50%, 35%, 110% and 45% at the electric field strength of 2 kV/mm, respectively.

Lesia Marchuk

Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences) • 2021

In today's conditions, sustainable development and globalization processes significantly affect the state of the world economy, and its development isdetermined by the level of use of intellectual potential. The most important and significant process is the intellectualization of not only the economyand production, but also management, which in turn is responsible for highly qualified staff and continuing education. Intellectual potential in themanagement of the enterprise plays a very important role, because it has a number of specific features: skills, abilities, competencies, labor andintellectual resources, knowledge, ideas, technologies and more. The basis for the formation of the intellectual potential of enterprises is the staff.Therefore, there is a scientific task - to analyze the indicators that affect the results of managing the intellectual potential of enterprises in the engineeringindustry. Intellectual resources in the process of creative activity are undergoing significant changes: the growth of psychological stress, the replacementof values, worldviews, social orientations. This forces management to apply new moral, ethical and economic incentives to subordinates to improvecreative work and motivation. This is what requires guidelines for the organization of the management system of the intellectual potential of the machinebuildingenterprise. The most effective way to manage intellectual potential is step-by-step, because at each stage the goals and needs of the componentsare taken into account. Analysis of global trends in modern enterprises has shown that the most important concept is human resource management. Thearticle analyzes the methodological approaches to the management of intellectual potential, which proved that today there is no single and most accuratemanagement system. Therefore, our own methodological recommendations for the intellectualization of management were developed and proposed.

Тетяна Назарова, Марина Шевченко, Павло Грабович

Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences) • 2021

concepts, principles and functions of the formation and development of controlling are characterized. The necessity of the organization of financial controlling in the enterprise is grounded, the main stages of the introduction of controlling in the formation of the financial strategy of the enterprise in modern conditions are proposed. It is proved that the difference in the principles of organization of enterprise finance determines the need for differentiation of controlling objects for business entities operating on the basis of commercial calculation, non-profitable activity and estimated financing. If for commercial calculation it is the profit and market value of the enterprise, for non-profitable enterprises it is cash flows that must be efficiently generated and redistributed in accordance with their intended purpose; for enterprises operating on the principles of budget or budget financing, the level of income coverage. The effectiveness of the controlling system is determined by the efficiency of enterprise management. It is proved that the financial strategy is the basis of enterprise management and its production and economic, financial activities in a modern dynamic and competitive environment. The basic principles are investigated at the stages of the implementation of the financial strategy, which allow to correct its directions, which lead enterprises to sustainable development.

Xian Gao, Dao Zhou, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam et al.

Energies • 2025

The growing integration of renewable energy sources has led to the development of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control as a way to enhance system stability and offer primary frequency regulation. These functions of VSGs usually rely on the photovoltaic (PV) system or battery energy storage (BES), which is equipped at the DC side of the system. However, due to differences in the initial state of charges (SoCs) and uneven power distribution, the SoCs of battery energy storage systems (BESs) may become unbalanced, posing risks to the healthy operation of BESs and the overall system reliability. To realize SoC balancing, an adaptive control scheme for a paralleled PV-BES-VSG power system is presented. The adaptive SoC balancing term is applied to the active power references based on a simple segmented quadratic function. The proposed control strategy can realize optimal operation of paralleled VSGs and reduce SoC imbalance at the same time. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is evaluated via a case study system consisting of two paralleled PV-BES-VSG units using Matlab/Simulink R2021a.

Irina Yuryeva

Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences) • 2022

One of the most important ways of ensuring the social orientation of a market economy is the rational organisation of work at all levels of government. Ukraine's participation in the global labour market provides for the organisation of social and labour relations according to international norms and the integration of the national system of labour-capital relations into the system recognised by the global community. This makes it necessary to study the problems associated with bringing national legislation into conformity with international labour standards, to study and summarise domestic and foreign experience in regulating social and labour relations, to master the "technology" of assessing their condition and developing proposals for improvement in the light of global achievements in this field. Labour that is organized on the scientific basis is a guiding factor of its productivity growth - the basis for providing competitiveness of economic entities of the market economy. Labour organisation means bringing people's labour activity into a certain system, which is characterised by a set of elements and their stable interrelations, the content of functioning of these elements, directions and dynamics of their development. Within an enterprise, of paramount importance for labour organisation is the issue of correct placement of workers in production on the basis of rational division of labour and connection of professions, specialisation and expansion of service areas. Optimisation of the management apparatus in the system of social and labour relations firstly requires changes in the structure of the apparatus in relation to the solution of priority tasks of crisis management, namely the application of functional, hierarchical and technological redistribution of work and people; secondly, the appointment of managers according to their crisis functions (based on job, professional, qualification and personality matching of the nature and content of crisis functions); thirdly, the improvement of the vertical and horizontal structure of the apparatus; and The formation of anti-crisis strategic plans belongs to the most responsible and weighty issues, since it is a reasonable choice of anti-crisis measures that ensures the exit of the enterprise from the state of crisis with the least losses in the shortest possible time. Anti-crisis program is a system of measures aimed at prevention or elimination of unfavourable phenomena for business, using all potential of modern management, development and implementation of special program which has strategic character, allows to remove temporary difficulties, preserve and use market position of enterprise, building on its strengths using own resources. There is then an urgent need for a theoretical treatment of the methods, techniques and principles for optimising the interests of the parties to social and labour relations under crisis economic conditions.