Research Library
Discover insights from thousands of peer-reviewed papers on microbial electrochemical systems
Discover insights from thousands of peer-reviewed papers on microbial electrochemical systems
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Advances in Materials • 2025
The initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of lithium‐ion batteries, quantifying the irreversible Li+ loss during the first cycle, is critical for determining practical energy density. Many electrode materials exhibit substandard ICEs (<90%) due to excessive formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Traditional strategies modifying SEI formation mainly focus on the generating process but often consume extra Li+ and yield limited improvements. Here, a strategy is introduced that targets the terminating process of SEI formation, usually impeded by interfacial parasitic reactions, to achieve ICEs exceeding 90%. Using TiO2 as a model electrode, it is demonstrated that equivalent chemical fluorination suppresses the parasitic reaction between phosphorus pentafluoride (PF₅) and surface hydroxyl groups (─OH), early terminating SEI formation. Interfacial analysis and theoretical simulations reveal that this approach reduces organic SEI formation while preserving the beneficial LiF‐rich inner SEI layer. As a result, the fluorinated TiO2 anode exhibits an ICE of 92.1%, significantly higher than the 74.1% of pristine TiO2, without compromising other electrochemical performance metrics. Pouch cell tests confirm the practical applicability of the method. This work provides deep insights into mechanisms of terminating SEI formation and opens a new pathway for optimizing the battery performances through inherent SEI manipulation.
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Batteries & Supercaps • 2025
Traditional graphite‐based anode materials perform poorly in sodium‐ion battery (SIB) due to their insufficient interlayer spacing. Hard carbon has received much attention as anode material for SIBs. Biomass materials are a perfect source of hard carbon precursors due to their inherent benefits and ability to be renewed. Herein, silicon/hard carbon (Si/HC‐X) composite is synthesized from Citrus limon leaves as a useful anode material for SIBs. The intrinsic doping of silicon in carbon matrixes increases interlayer distance as well as defects, which promotes mass transportability and Na+ adsorption capacity. The optimized Si/HC‐1100 electrode shows ≈261 mAh g−1 of reversible specific capacity with ≈79.8% initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Additionally, the composite exhibits ≈87.4% capacity retention at 200 mA g−1 after 200 cycles. The plateau capacity increases from Si/HC‐900 to Si/HC‐1300 as the micro‐ and nanopores formation increases with increasing calcination temperature. The expanded‐interlayer distance contributes to the plateau capacities, whereas slope capacity arises due to adsorption of Na+ on defects and open pores. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, ex‐situ XRD and Raman analysis suggest “adsorption‐intercalation‐pore filling” mechanism, where intercalation contributes more to the plateau capacity of Si/HC‐1100. Moreover, the full‐cell (Si/HC‐1100||Na3V2(PO4)3) achieves a maximum 207 mAhg−1 reversible capacity from the anode side and remarkable cycle stability.
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Nano letters (Print) • 2025
Silicon has emerged as a premier candidate for next-generation lithium-ion battery anodes. Nevertheless, the low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) hinders its commercialization. The mainstream view is that the continuous growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the silicon surface depletes the lithium inventory. In this work, a new mechanism is proposed that the SEI strips off the interphase with silicon as the silicon shrinks during discharge, which is the origin of the low ICE. A mathematical model is developed to describe this phenomenon, and the results demonstrate the ICE of 62%. Based on these findings, an external pressure inhibition mechanism of the interphase stripping is proposed, which can realize a 14% improvement. As a proof-of-concept, a capacity utilization improvement of 63% is also achieved under proper external pressure. This mechanistic and pressure modulation strategy establish a paradigm-shifting approach to overcome the limitations of silicon anodes.
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Advanced Energy Materials • 2025
Calendar aging significantly affects lithium metal battery performance, with even short rest periods causing measurable drops in Coulombic efficiency (CE). However, most studies focus only on CE losses during rest, and the impact on subsequent cycles remains unclear. Here, calendar aging behavior is systematically examined in various carbonate and ether electrolytes, showing that aging influences not only CE after rest but also the following cycles. While all electrolytes show CE loss during rest, distinct CE patterns appear in the two post‐rest cycles. To clarify the mechanism behind these fluctuations, dead lithium formation during and after aging is tracked using titration gas chromatography. This also enables quantification of CE loss associated with solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) evolution. The results indicate that the interplay between SEI evolution and dead lithium recovery governs the electrolyte‐dependent CE response during post‐rest cycling. Resting frequency in full cells is further varied, and it is found that increased resting frequency does not necessarily accelerate capacity loss, suggesting that rest‐induced degradation is largely reversible. These findings provide insight into post‐calendar aging mechanisms in lithium metal batteries and highlight the dynamic nature of rest‐induced degradation.
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Small Methods • 2025
Driven by the demand for high‐energy‐density storage, Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) and anode‐free Lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) have attracted significant attention due to their high theoretical capacity and low reduction potential. However, achieving reproducible Coulombic Efficiency (CE) measurements remains a challenge due to inconsistencies in electrochemical protocols and experimental conditions. This study systematically evaluates and compares three CE measurement methodologies, identifying key factors that influence reproducibility and accuracy. Unlike previous studies, which often report CE values without considering their methodological limitations, the impact of electrolyte composition, electrolyte concentration, and electrode surface properties are highlighted on CE variations. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that a pre‐cycling Li reservoir method effectively minimizes substrate effects, leading to the most sensitive measurements across various testing conditions. This work provides a standardized framework for CE evaluation in LMBs and AFLMBs, offering valuable insights for optimizing Li‐free anode interfaces and accelerating the commercialization of high‐performance LMBs.
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Small • 2025
Maximizing energy density in Lithium-ion batteries requires careful attention to the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of the cathode. Even among layered metal oxides, the ICE of ternary cathodes (NCM) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) shows significant differences. Nevertheless, the fundamental causes of ICE loss remain poorly understood, particularly in distinguishing between kinetic and structural contributions. In this study, the mechanisms behind ICE loss in layered cathodes are systematically investigated. By introducing apparent and real irreversible capacities and their relationship with charging cut-off voltage and ICE, the roles of lithium-ion diffusion and structural degradation is differentiate, positioning ICE as a physical descriptor that correlates with phase transitions and structural evolution. For LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811), below 4.1 V, the irreversible capacity loss originates almost entirely from lithium diffusion kinetics at the end of discharge, which can be recovered through constant-voltage discharge and shows a certain correlation with the reversible phase transition. Above 4.1 V, real irreversible capacity arises due to irreversible phase transitions and lattice distortion. These results establish a direct link between ICE and structural changes, positioning ICE as a key diagnostic tool for probing phase transitions in layered cathodes and offering insights for the design of next-generation, high-efficiency materials.
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ChemSusChem • 2025
Hard carbon (HC) is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its affordability, substantial sodium storage capacity, and low sodium intercalation potential. However, it suffers from low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE). Herein, an innovative acetylene-mediated strategy is proposed to tailor the heteroatom content and pore structure of anthracite-derived HC. During pyrolysis, hydrogen radicals from acetylene react with heteroatoms (O, N, S) in anthracite, eliminating them as gaseous species (e.g., H2O, NH3, H2S), while carbon radicals deposit into defects, converting open pores into closed pores. Compared to HC produced through direct anthracite carbonization, the optimized anthracite-based HC demonstrates superior electrochemical performance, delivering a high specific capacity of 220 mAh g-1 at 0.3C with 88% ICE. Furthermore, the material exhibits exceptional cycling stability, maintaining a reversible discharge capacity of 210 mAh g-1 at 0.3C after 500 cycles. This radical-mediated approach simultaneously mitigates irreversible Na+ consumption and boosts capacity, surpassing the typical ICE limit (70%-85%) of HCs. The method provides a universal route for designing high-performance carbon anodes from diverse precursors.
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Journal of the American Chemical Society • 2025
Anode-Free Lithium Metal Batteries (AFLMBs) promise ultrahigh energy densities beyond 500 Wh kg-1, yet prior work mainly studied on <350 Wh kg-1 AFLMBs, which lack advantages over commercial Li-ion batteries and mechanistic understanding of battery degradation at high-energy levels. Here, we developed Ah-level 450 Wh kg-1 AFLMBs with >99% Coulombic efficiency (CE) and examined their degradation across cell, electrode, and atomic dimensions. Under high-energy-density conditions (5.6 mAh cm-2 cathode, 2.0 g Ah-1 electrolyte), the battery degradation behavior is dictated by the dominant inactive lithium component. Two typical modes of "sudden death" and "gradual decay" are revealed, which are associated with "truffle-shaped" dead lithium caused by brittle solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and "mushroom-shaped" active lithium interwoven with flexible SEI, respectively. The gradual-decay mode, with slower degradation and minimized dead lithium, exhibits a superior lifespan and safety. In addition, the SEI's elastic deformation emerges as a more reliable parameter than Young's modulus for lithium metal stabilization. These findings are different from previous lower-energy-density studies, wherein the batteries could run many cycles even under a relatively low CE and abundant dead lithium, thus establishing a more reliable composition-structure-performance correlation for battery failure and facilitating the development of high-energy-density practical AFLMBs.
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Advances in Materials • 2025
Aqueous zinc‐sulfur batteries (AZSBs) hold great promise for large‐scale energy storage but suffer from low Coulombic efficiency (CE) due to sluggish Zn─S redox kinetics and severe Zn anode corrosion, limiting their cycling life and practical applicability. Although state‐of‐the‐art iodine‐based redox mediators can accelerate cathode kinetics, they typically result in the formation of free I3− species, which exacerbate Zn corrosion. Here, we report a covalent iodo–thiadiazole redox mediator (CIM) as an anti‐corrosive and highly efficient catalyst to achieve high CE in AZSBs. The covalently anchored iodine in CIM effectively suppresses free I3− formation and mitigates Zn corrosion. More importantly, dynamic electronic restructuring from C5═N to C5─N bonds (C5: 5th‐position carbon in the thiadiazole ring) promotes Zn–S redox kinetics through a σ‐coordination electron pathway facilitated by the Zn─I─C5 bond. As a result, CIM‐based coin cells achieve an average CE of 99.56% and a capacity of 344 mAh g−1 after 700 cycles at 8 C. The CIM‐based pouch cell demonstrates a high capacity of 1398 mAh g−1 after 120 cycles at 0.8 C. This work presents a practical design strategy for iodine‐based catalysts, enabling next‐generation aqueous metal‐sulfur batteries with enhanced durability and performance.
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Nature Communications • 2025
The fundamental interactions and the as-derived microstructures among electrolyte components play a pivotal role in determining the bulk and interfacial properties of the electrolytes. However, the complex structure-property relationships remain elusive, leading to uncontrollable physicochemical characteristics of electrolytes and unsatisfied battery performance. Herein, we propose two interaction motif descriptors to quantify ion-solvent interactions spanning electrostatic to dispersion regimes. These descriptors are highly relevant to salt dissolution, phase miscibility, and electrode-electrolyte interface chemistries. Guided by the principle of minimizing ion-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions while ensuring sufficient salt dissociation, a representative electrolyte, i.e., lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide dissolved in trimethyl methoxysilane and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene with a molar ratio of 1:2.5:3.0, is designed, which achieves ~99.7% (±0.2%) Li plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency and endows 4.5 V Li||LiCoO2 with 90% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 0.2 C/0.5 C charge/discharge rate. Notably, Cu||LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 pouch cells with this electrolyte sustain over 100 stable cycles. By establishing quantitative relationships between interaction motifs and electrolyte functionalities, this work provides a universal framework for rational electrolyte design, paving the way for highly reversible lithium metal batteries. Electrolyte interactions critically govern battery performance yet lack precise design principles. The authors introduce interaction motif descriptors to design an electrolyte enabling 99.7% Li-metal Coulombic efficiency for 4.5 V batteries.
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Small • 2025
Hard carbon (HC) is regarded as a promising anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its natural abundance, high theoretical capacity, optimal operation potential, and superior cycling stability. However, it suffers from low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and poor rate capability. Herein, a series of HC-x are prepared by carbonizing chemically-treated waste African redwood at various temperatures of x °C under Ar for 2 h. The optimal HC-1300 is further nitrogen-doped by annealing with melamine at 800 °C under N₂ for 2 h to form N-HC-1300. The N-HC-1300 exhibits a high discharge capacity of 350.1 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C, a high ICE of 90.1%, excellent rate capability (e.g., 260.4 mAh g-1 at 1 C), and superior cycling stability (e.g., 262.7 mAh g-1 after 1200 cycles at 1 C with 96.5% retention). When paired with an N-HC-1300 electrode, the Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 108.7 mAh g-1, an average operating voltage of 3.3 V, and an ICE of 92.9%. At 1 C, the NVP retains 80.2 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles with 93.4% capacity retention. The enhanced performance is attributed to hierarchical pore and channel structures, enlarged carbon layer spacing, and nitrogen doping of N-HC-1300.
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Journal of the American Chemical Society • 2025
Prelithiation is a recognized strategy to enhance the initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, existing methods generally suffer from insufficient lithiation precision, poor spatial homogeneity, and limited operational feasibility. Here, a molecular customized prelithiation reagent, 1-methyl-naphthalene-lithium/2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (EmNaph-LiΘ = 0.21 V vs Li+/Li), is designed to lithiate graphite anode to its threshold potential for irreversible Li-storage (EGr-irr = 0.22 V vs Li+/Li), thereby achieving an ideal ICE of 100%. The well-matched potentials of EmNaph-LiΘ and EGr-irr enable self-terminating prelithiation upon reaching equilibrium states, precisely eliminating irreversible lithium loss while avoiding the stringent control of lithium dosages or durations required by traditional methods. Combined microstructural and computational analyses reveal that the spontaneous formation of Stage-IV lithium-graphite intercalation compounds (Estage-IV Li-GICΘ = 0.22 V) drives the growth of spatially uniform, inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interphases (SEI) with accelerated Li+ transport kinetics. Full cells incorporating prelithiated electrodes demonstrate marked improvements in ICE, capacity retention, and energy density. In addition, the universality of this potential-matching approach is demonstrated for hard carbon and silicon/carbon anodes. Our work advances the understanding of graphite intercalation chemistry and provides a scalable, customizable approach to precise prelithiation in LIBs.
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Angewandte Chemie • 2025
Li-rich manganese-based oxides (LRMO) are promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their high-capacity and low-cost merits. However, the low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and irreversible oxygen release of LRMO severely hinder their commercialization processes. Here, we employ glyoxal treatment to modulate the hybridization between transition metal (TM) 3d and oxygen (O) 2p orbitals in LRMO. This approach is found to reduce the Co/Mn t2g-O 2p hybridization in LRMO while simultaneously activating the Co2+/Co3+ redox below the Fermi level. Our findings demonstrate that tuning TM 3d-O 2p orbital hybridization can be a viable approach to improve the ICE of LMRO. Specifically, the ICE of LRMO can be elevated from 85.3 % to 102.5 %, and a high specific capacity of 291.2 mAh g-1 can be achieved at 0.1 C. Moreover, the treated LRMO cathodes exhibit significantly enhanced capacity retention.
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Angewandte Chemie • 2025
Coulombic efficiency (CE) is a quantifiable indicator for the reversibility of lithium metal anodes in high-energy-density batteries. However, the quantitative relationship between CE and electrolyte properties has yet to be established, impeding rational electrolyte design. Herein, an interpretable model for estimating CE based on data-driven insights of electrolyte properties is proposed. Hydrogenbond acceptor basicity (β) and the energy level gap between the lowest unoccupied and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO gap) of solvents are identified as the top two parameters impacting CE by machine learning. β and HOMO-LUMO gap of solvents govern anode interphase chemistry. A regression model is further proposed to estimate the CE based on β and HOMOLUMO gap. Using the new solvent screened by above regression model, the Li metal anode in the pouch cell with an energy density of 418 Wh kg-1 achieves the highest CE of 99.2%, which is much larger than previous CE ranging from 70-98.5%. This work provides a reliable interpretable quantitative model for rational electrolyte design.
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Nature Communications • 2025
Lithium metal negative electrode is pivotal for advancing high-energy-density lithium batteries. Despite their promise, the inherent poor interfacial stability of electrolytes on lithium metal and the repeated reconstruction of the solid electrolyte interphase lead to continuous consumption of active Li and electrolyte, causing rapid failure of Li metal batteries under practical conditions. Here, we propose compressing the spacing between Li ions and anions to recruit more anions around Li ions, forming tighter solvation clusters, and then achieving the super-saturated electrolyte with a 16 M Li salt concentration in the solvent phase. This compressed solvation structure electrolyte demonstrates enhanced stability towards Li metal negative electrode, attaining more than 99.9% coulombic efficiency in Li||Cu cells and enabling long cycling life in lean-Li Li metal full cells. Designed with a positive electrode material proportion of 68%, our Li metal pouch cell achieves a specific energy of 510.3 Wh kg−1 (based on the total mass of the cell) and maintains stable cycling over 100 cycles. Li metal batteries face the challenges of poor reversibility and severe side reactions of Li metal negative electrode. Here, the authors propose compressing the solvation structure of Li+, achieving a Li coulombic efficiency beyond 99.9% and thereby enhancing the performance of Li metal batteries.
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Fuels • 2026
Laboratory-based research on microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is often costly and limited to a small number of variables, making optimization challenging. However, machine learning (ML) offers a promising solution by enabling efficient multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariable optimization. These techniques can provide significant insights and optimization opportunities. The goal of this study is to propose an ML-based approach to explore the relationships between bioelectricity generation (in terms of voltage, power density (PD), current density (CD), and coulombic efficiency (CE)) and two key variables, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH, as well as to recommend their optimal combinations. Specifically, the objectives are to (1) integrate a laboratory-based MFC study with multivariate data analyses; (2) apply PCA to reduce data complexity by focusing on the principal components that account for the greatest variance, thus improving interpretability; and (3) identify the optimal combinations of COD and pH for maximizing bioelectricity generation. The PCA results demonstrated that COD positively influenced the generated voltage while having an inverse effect on CE. Additionally, both PD and CD increased with higher pH values. The optimal combination of COD and pH improved CD, PD, and CE; however, their optimal combination for generated voltage differed, with higher COD leading to higher voltage. The optimal predicted voltage, CD, PD, and CE of the study were 795.71 (mV), 1451.80 (mA/m2), 57.46 (mW/m2), and 4.85%, respectively. By integrating ML approaches, this study contributed to the optimization of bioelectricity generation from wastewater and offered valuable insights for researchers working in this field.
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Catalysts • 2025
The expensive nature and limited availability of platinum (Pt) cathodes pose a significant challenge for the widespread adoption of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. Although many alternatives have been studied, very few reports provide a systematic head-to-head comparison of different Ni–oxide cathodes under the same operational conditions. This research investigates cost-effective nickel-based metal oxide composites (Ni–TiO2, Ni–Cr2O3, Ni–Al2O3) as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), using Pt as a reference point. The performance of the MFC was thoroughly evaluated in terms of power output, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, and Coulombic efficiency (CE). The Pt cathode exhibited the highest performance (275 mW m−2, 87% COD removal, 35% CE), confirming its catalytic advantages. Among the alternative materials, the Ni–TiO2 composite yielded the best outcomes (224 mW m−2, 79% COD removal, 17.7% CE), markedly surpassing the performances of Ni–Cr2O3 (162 mW m−2, 72%, 24% CE) and Ni–Al2O3 (134 mW m−2, 64%, 11.6% CE). Koutecký–Levich analysis clarified the mechanisms at play: Pt facilitated a direct 4-electron ORR process, while the composites operated through a 2-electron mechanism. Notably, the semiconductor properties of Ni–TiO2 resulted in a higher electron transfer number (n = 2.8) compared to the other composites (n ≈ 2.3), which accounts for its increased efficiency. With its low production cost, Ni–TiO2 presents an exceptional cost-to-performance ratio. By linking catalytic performance directly to the electronic nature of the oxide supports, this study offers clear design guidelines for selecting non-precious cathodes. The dual evaluation of electrochemical efficiency and cost-to-performance distinguishes this study from prior reports and underscores its practical significance and originality. This study highlights Ni–TiO2 as a highly sustainable and economically viable catalyst, making it a strong candidate to replace Pt for practical MFC applications that focus on simultaneous power generation and wastewater treatment.
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Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy • 2025
Distillery wastewater, characterized by a high organic load and complex pollutants, poses severe environmental challenges if discharged untreated. This study addresses the need for sustainable treatment methods by developing and optimizing a dual‐chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) capable of both wastewater remediation and bioelectricity generation. Graphite electrodes were surface‐modified using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) at varying concentrations to enhance microbial adhesion and electron transfer. Performance was evaluated through power density, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, and coulombic efficiency (CE). The 5 M KOH‐treated electrodes achieved the highest performance, delivering a maximum power density of 9.0 mW/cm 2 , COD removal efficiency of 87.9%, and CE of 32.1% significantly outperforming both HCl‐treated and untreated electrodes. The improvements were linked to increased surface roughness, porosity, and the presence of oxygen‐containing functional groups. These findings demonstrate that KOH modification offers a cost‐effective and efficient strategy for enhancing MFC performance, making it a promising approach for sustainability.
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Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability • 2025
Currently, tofu wastewater (TWW) is one of the major environmental issues that must be addressed. When discharged untreated TWW into natural water bodies or soil, it poses a serious threat to the environment. Therefore, effective treatment of TWW is crucial before to disposal. As an advanced bio-electrochemical technology, the microbial fuel cell (MFC) offers a promising approach to reduce pollutants while simultaneously generating electricity. However, the choice of cathode material is crucial for enhancing MFC performance. This study aims to evaluate the performance of an MFC using an SSM-304 cathode with TWW as the target substrate. Several characteristics of TWW including pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS), were analyzed before and after MFC treatment. Additionally, the performance of the MFC system was further evaluated based on voltage output (V), current density (J), coulombic efficiency (CE), and MFC efficiency (?MFC). The results show that COD and BOD were reduced by 69.56% and 64.00%, while TS, TDS, and TSS increased by 48.79%, 32.24%, and 45.15%, respectively. The MFC system with SSM-304 produced a voltage of 167 mV, a current density of 267.2 mA/m², a coulombic efficiency of 3.35%, power density of 27.89 mW, and MFC efficiency of 10.43%. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of MFCs for simultaneous wastewater treatment and energy recovery.
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Algebra : Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Sains • 2026
Induction motors are electrical machines that operate based on electromagnetic principles to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. In the oil and gas industry, electric motors are widely used for operational processes. This accounts for a large portion of operational costs. At the Fuel Oil Complex II operating unit, the 011P-109B drive motor for the LDO product pump was damaged, so the motor was replaced with one that exceeded the existing specifications, namely from 125HP to 150HP, 111.855 kW, 2 poles, and a frequency of 50 Hz. Research was conducted to test the efficiency of the motor. The method used in this test was a literature review of several publications that comply with national and international standards. Based on efficiency calculations, the 150HP induction motor has superior operational efficiency compared to the 125HP motor, with an average efficiency of 93.63% compared to 93.15%, as well as lower power loss of 4.8kW compared to the 125HP motor, which has a power loss of 5.01kW. The comparison results with the IEC 60034-30-1:2014 standard show that both motors are technically classified in the IE2 (High Efficiency) to IE2+ (Borderline IE3) category.
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International Journal of Managerial Finance • 2026
Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between organizational ambidexterity (AMBI) and investment efficiency. While prior research has explored drivers of efficient corporate investment, limited attention has been paid to the strategic role of ambidexterity. We aim to address this gap by examining how firms' ability to balance exploration and exploitation contributes to more effective investment decisions. Design/methodology/approach We measure AMBI using a semi-supervised machine learning approach that analyzes earnings call transcripts from 2005 to 2019. Investment efficiency is assessed using the residuals from a regression of investment on sales growth. To ensure robustness, we apply a range of empirical strategies, including multivariate regressions, propensity score matching, entropy balancing and instrumental variable techniques. Findings Our results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between ambidexterity and investment efficiency. The effect is stronger in firms led by experienced and capable managers or where managerial incentives are well-aligned with shareholder interests and weaker among firms facing financial constraints. We also find that real option intensity, organizational capital and innovation play mediating roles in this relationship. Research limitations/implications The measure of ambidexterity depends on a specific machine learning technique, which may not capture all dimensions of strategic behavior. Future work could explore how ambidexterity influences other corporate outcomes, such as financing policies or risk-taking behavior. Originality/value This study is among the first to leverage neural language models to quantify AMBI. By grounding ambidexterity in real options theory and introducing real option intensity as an empirical mechanism, we show how managerial flexibility under uncertainty improves investment efficiency.
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Research Square • 2026
Abstract Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly adopted as governance-focused strategies to enhance sustainability and the delivery of ecosystem services in protected areas. Despite their growing importance, a consistent gap remains between governance design and successful ecological implementation. This research investigates the relationship between governance mechanisms and the quality of ecosystem services, emphasizing the intermediary roles of environmental efficiency and resilience in arid protected areas. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected from key stakeholders involved in the management of protected areas. Structural equation modeling was used to look at both direct and indirect effects. The results show that governance mechanisms make ecosystem services much better. Additionally, environmental efficiency and resilience significantly mediate this relationship, with resilience exerting a more pronounced mediating effect. The integrated mediation model demonstrates substantially superior explanatory power compared to the direct-effect model. The results show that governance structures by themselves are not enough to achieve long-term ecological results. Effective implementation strategies that improve operational efficiency and adaptive capacity are also needed. This study adds to the body of research on sustainability governance by providing real-world proof that governance-driven Nature-based Solutions (NbS) can improve the performance of ecosystem services.
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Chinese Physics B • 2026
Abstract The passivation of crystalline silicon surface is extremely crucial and irreplaceable in the preparation of crystalline silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, and it is highly sensitive to the surface structural configuration and characteristics of the silicon substrate. In this work, we innovatively proposed a hydrophobic modification scheme for the silicon substrate surface by diluted HF solution incorporated into the slow lifting process, in order to optimize the interface characteristics and enhance the photovoltaic performance of the solar cells. This study conducts an in-depth exploration of the surface reaction mechanism of silicon wafers during HF slow lifting process and its impact on solar cell performance. Compared to the conventional slow lifting of deionized water conjugated with the drying of hot air, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results reveal that a stable hydrogen-terminated surface with minimal oxidation is formed by the strategic surface modification during HF slow lifting process, characterized by the dominant Si 0 peaks and reduced Si-O-Si signals. The reduced contact resistivity ( ρ c ) and series resistance ( R s ) of the solar cells are also shown to be reduced, and the fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of SHJ cells are enhanced by 2.2% and 1.9%, respectively. This study presents an economical and practical method to modify the surface bonding configuration of crystalline silicon. It is elucidated how precisely engineered c-Si surface chemistry effectively suppresses substrate oxidation and markedly elevates cell performance, while simultaneously streamlining cleaning and texturing protocols to accelerate manufacturing rhythm.
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Journal of Risk and Financial Management • 2026
Stock market efficiency plays a vital role in financial economics, as it reflects how quickly and accurately asset prices incorporate available information. This study investigates stock market efficiency and banking sector stability in the MENA region, focusing on the dynamic interactions between macroeconomic indicators, financial depth, and bank-specific variables. Using panel data from 21 countries over the period 2003–2021, the analysis employs both fixed-effects regression and a Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) framework to capture cross-country heterogeneity, temporal dynamics, and systemic interdependencies. The findings reveal that traditional macroeconomic variables, including inflation, GDP per capita, and domestic credit to the private sector, exert limited direct influence on banking sector stability as measured by the Z-score. Instead, the results highlight the importance of country-specific characteristics, institutional quality, and regulatory frameworks in shaping financial resilience across MENA countries. Overall, the findings confirm that effective risk management plays a central role in strengthening bank stability. By enhancing financial resilience, improving operational discipline, and reducing vulnerability to economic and financial shocks, sound risk management practices support the ability of banks to maintain consistent performance over time. The results further suggest that stability is not solely driven by internal mechanisms but also depends on the broader economic and institutional environment in which banks operate. Together, these elements reinforce the capacity of banking systems to contribute to long-term financial stability in the region.
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Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting • 2026
Background and Objectives: Investors use financial statements as a vital tool for evaluating a company's financial position, operational effectiveness, and potential for future growth. This study aim analyze influence efficiency inventory and effectiveness asset to mark company with performance finance as variables mediation in companies subsector trading retail on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, exploring mechanism improvement market valuation through optimization source Power operational and profitability company. Research Design: Study adopt approach quantitative with design causal comparative for test connection cause and effect between variable. Location and Duration Study: Study carried out in the company subsector trading retail listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during five- year period, from January 2020 to December 2024. Methodology: Secondary data collected through documentation report finance annual that has been audited from 20 companies retail use purposive sampling technique, resulting in 100 units observation. Variable measured using inventory turnover to efficiency inventory, total asset turnover for effectiveness assets, return on equity for performance finance, and price to earnings ratio for mark company. Data analysis using analysis track with SPSS version 25, including assumption test classical, multiple linear regression, hypothesis testing partial and simultaneous, coefficients determination, as well as the Sobel test for test effect mediation. Results: Findings show efficiency inventory and effectiveness asset influential positive significant to performance finance with mark significance of 0.000 and 0.024 respectively. Efficiency supply influential direct to mark company with significance of 0.014, while effectiveness asset No influential significant in a way direct with mark significance 0.090. Financial performance proven influential dominant to mark company with significance of 0.000 and coefficient regression highest 196,138. Sobel's mediation test proves performance finance mediate connection efficiency supply to mark company with a p-value of 0.0000 and effectiveness asset to mark company with a p-value of 0.0210. The research model capable explains 67.3 percent variation mark company. Conclusion: Efficiency inventory and effectiveness asset increase mark company retail through improvement performance finance as mechanism mediation. Optimization management supply give signal positive direct to investors, whereas utilization asset productive need translation become superior profitability for increase market valuation. Research upcoming need explore variables external and expanding coverage sector industry for generalization findings.
[object Object]
Applied and Computational Engineering • 2026
Traditional deep-sea equipment primarily relies on batteries or surface-laid cables for power, which imposes substantial constraints on mission economic viability and entails high maintenance costs. Inspired by the highly efficient filtering and capture mechanism of the deep-sea feather duster worm, this research developed a novel bionic composite material that integrates efficient particle capture with triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) functionality. By analyzing the fluid-structure interaction mechanics of the multi-level structure of the feather duster worm's crown tentacles and combining it with the solid-liquid interface contact electrification mechanism, an innovative multi-scale fractal-structured bionic fiber network was designed. Flexible composite fibers consisting of polymer and conductive materials were fabricated using coaxial electrospinning micro-nano assembly technology. For functional validation, a simulated deep-sea environment featuring low temperature, high pressure, and low flow velocity was constructed. Experimental results indicate that under simulated deep-sea flow conditions of 3-5 cm/s, the bionic material achieved a stable capture efficiency of approximately 85% for standard 5 m particles. The triboelectric power generation unit produced an open-circuit voltage of about 3.2 V and a short-circuit current of approximately 0.55 A, delivering an estimated power density of 1.7 mWm, which is sufficient to power micro-sensors.
[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.
Building Services Engineering Research & Technology • 2026
Indoor carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) accumulation in university classrooms is associated with fluctuations in students’ cognitive performance. This study investigated the preliminary associations between short-term CO 2 exposure, heart rate (HR), and cognitive accuracy (ACC), leveraging a small-N intensive longitudinal design with 54 synchronized observation sets over 6 days. Results indicated that HR responded to CO 2 in two stages under the observed conditions: an initial sensitive response with relatively stable HR when CO 2 was below the 1000 ppm reference level, followed by a gradual adaptive decline as concentrations increased. Standardized mediation analysis confirmed a global indirect effect (β = −0.106, p 0.05). Notably, segmented analysis revealed that this physiological-cognitive coupling was primarily driven by the intensified impact of HR on cognitive accuracy in Phase II (β = 0.389, p = 0.022), whereas the mechanism remained exploratory in Phase I. These preliminary findings suggest that the relationship between CO 2 and cognition may be mediated by autonomic regulation (reflected by HR). Under the observed classroom conditions, 1000 ppm may serve as a guideline-aligned environmental reference associated with physiological–cognitive shifts. Practical applications This pilot study suggests that heart rate (HR) mediates the association between indoor CO 2 and cognitive performance in university classrooms. Specifically, CO 2 levels exceeding 1000 ppm were associated with distinct physiological changes and reduced cognitive accuracy, highlighting this value as a critical reference for ventilation control. Practically, these results support implementing occupancy-sensitive ventilation strategies to limit CO 2 accumulation. Additionally, the observed CO 2 -HR coupling indicates that aggregate HR trends derived from wearable devices could serve as non-invasive, supplementary indicators of indoor environmental conditions. These exploratory findings inform future human-centric approaches to indoor environmental quality (IEQ) management in educational settings.
[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.
Journal of Functional Biomaterials • 2026
The placement technique of resin composites may significantly influence marginal integrity, wear resistance, and operative efficiency. This in vitro study evaluated the influence of different placement techniques for a bulk-fill resin composite on marginal integrity, wear behavior, and application time. Standardized Class I cavities were prepared in extracted human molars and restored using the same bulk-fill composite (Filtek One Bulk Fill, 3M, USA) applied with four techniques: incremental placement, incremental placement with a modeling liquid (GC Modeling Liquid, GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan), bulk placement, and the stamp technique. Application time was recorded in seconds. All specimens underwent combined mechanical and thermal aging (SD Mechatronik, Germany). Marginal integrity was assessed three-dimensionally using micro-computed tomography, while surface wear was quantified through computer-based digital analysis with OraCheck software (Dentsply Sirona, Germany). Bulk placement exhibited significantly higher microleakage scores than the other techniques while demonstrating the shortest application time. Incremental placement, incremental placement with modeling liquid, and the stamp technique showed comparable microleakage results (p 0.05). Although the use of modeling liquid did not increase microleakage, it resulted in significantly greater wear. Placement technique significantly influences marginal integrity, wear behavior, and application time of bulk-fill composite restorations.
[object Object], [object Object], [object Object]
Energy Efficiency • 2026
Abstract The United Kingdom has committed, through a legally-binding target, to achieve net zero emissions in the UK economy by 2050. The UK government envisages local authorities as being critical actors in achieving net zero. However, no coherent national guidance regarding net zero implementation exists for local governments. In the context of evolving national- and regional- scale energy planning, with the formation of Great British Energy, the National Energy System Operator and other bodies, local authorities will have an increasing role in energy planning. However, funding environments, human resources and technical capacity remain constrained. Strong governance mechanisms will be required to manage the socio-technical transition to a net zero future in the UK, and to engage with multiple actors across spatial and political scales. This article draws on research examining the challenges that UK local authorities (at County Council, District Council and Combined Authority scales) are having with access to and analysis of data for meaningful evaluation of current projects and future project planning. Through semi-structured interviews with 19 separate actors from UK local authorities, national bodies and consultancies working in net zero with UK local governments, we: • Examine the evaluation gap in carbon reduction, project costs and progress to net zero. • Consider the effect that an uncoordinated national policy framework for net zero is having on the ability for local authorities to effectively evaluate future project development routes. • Discuss how the increasingly adopted Local Area Energy Planning methodology is affecting local net zero policy and spatial planning, and what governance frameworks are needed to ensure that a net zero project is well-facilitated, timely and accelerated. Our findings highlight principles for how governance for monitoring and evaluation of net zero projects is a necessary foundation for assessing the success or failure of interventions, having relevance in the UK and beyond.
[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.
• 2026
Identifying patterns in precursory signals may aid forecasting over month to year timescales. Here we examine the relationship between seismicity and ground deformation during unrest prior to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption. We find that the ratio between seismic moment and horizontal GPS ground displacement is constant within two distinct phases, but with a step increase from one to the other. This step-change is attributed to a change in source between two sills, and is expected given the change in deformation associated with different source geometries and deformation mechanisms. We use displacement data to estimate source volume change, assuming each source has a fixed geometry through time. We can then calculate seismic efficiency (the ratio between seismic moment and volume change, assuming a constant shear modulus). An increase in seismic efficiency is also present between sources, indicating different growth mechanisms. The shallower source has a lower proportion of aseismic deformation, consistent with previous observations showing clusters of seismic events, interpreted as a number of magmatic ‘lobes’ separated by seismogenic zones. This case study provides new insights into subsurface processes prior to eruptive activity, specifically controls on the seismic efficiency of intrusions.
[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.
Luminis Applied Science and Engineering • 2026
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming transit corridor management by enhancing operational efficiency, enabling predictive logistics, and optimizing cross-border trade flows. The Zangezur Corridor, as a strategically important transport route connecting Azerbaijan with regional and global markets, offers substantial opportunities for AI-driven modernization. The integration of intelligent transport systems, real-time data analytics, automated customs procedures, and predictive risk assessment mechanisms can significantly reduce operational costs, shorten delivery times, and improve reliability in freight movement. Moreover, AI-based coordination platforms can strengthen institutional cooperation among regional stakeholders and enhance supply chain transparency. The digitalization of corridor infrastructure is expected to improve resilience, sustainability, and long-term economic competitiveness. By leveraging AI technologies in transport planning, monitoring, and logistics management, the Zangezur Corridor can evolve into a technologically advanced transit hub, contributing to economic diversification and sustainable growth in the South Caucasus region.
Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) • 2025
This study investigates the comparative performance of two types of ion-exchange membranes, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as an anion exchange membrane (AEM) and Nafion 117 as a cation exchange membrane (CEM), in microbial fuel cells(MFCs). The evaluation focuses on key operational parameters, including power generation, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, and coulombic efficiency (CE). In CEM-based MFCs, protons (H + ) migrate from the anode to the cathode, whereas in AEM-based systems, hydroxide ions (OH - ) move from the cathode to the anode. This ion transfer helps maintain pH balance, which is essential for microbial metabolism and catalytic activity. Experimental results demonstrated that the CEM-MFC achieved a power density of 181.5 mW/m 2 and a COD removal rate of 67 %, while the AEM-MFC produced 272.3 mW/m 2 and achieved 75 % COD removal. Furthermore, the CE improved from 24.4 % in CEM-MFC to 29 % in AEM-MFC. These results indicate that AEM-MFCs can generate approximately 50 % more power and exhibit enhanced CE, making them more promising candidates for sustainable energy production and wastewater treatment. The superior performance of AEM-MFC is attributed to more favorable microbial activity, better cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) conditions, and extended pH equilibrium. Additionally, the efficient transfer of OH - ions in AEMs prevents acidification in the anode compartment and supports stable microbial growth. These findings underscore the potential of anion exchange membranes as viable and sustainable alternatives in the design of high-performance MFCs for simultaneous environmental remediation and bioenergy production. This study is a pioneering work that investigates the long-term performance of cost-effective PTFE anion exchange membranes in microbial fuel cells operating with real wastewater (POME), providing crucial insights into pH regulation and microbial stability compared to the benchmark Nafion 117.
Environmental research • 2025
The development of sustainable and cost-effective cathode catalysts remains a major challenge in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). This study investigated the use of textile-derived char-obtained from pyrolyzed linen, denim, and sweater waste-as an alternative cathodic material in single-chamber air-cathode MFCs. Pyrolysis also recovered significant amounts of energy-rich gas and oil, at least 4.1 MJ/kg textile , demonstrating the potential for sustainable energy recovery. The physicochemical properties and electrochemical behavior of the chars were characterized to evaluate their suitability as cathode catalysts. Among the tested materials, sweater-derived char exhibited the highest nitrogen content of 12.0 % and a surface area of 43.6 m 2 /g, which could enhance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. MFCs with textile-based cathodes achieved significantly higher current and power densities than the carbon black control, and COD removal efficiencies exceeded 80 % for all but linen, which showed reduced performance due to excessive hydrophilicity. Coulombic efficiencies were also higher than the control, suggesting improved electron recovery, and protein quantification confirmed reduced biofouling on textile-derived cathodes. These results indicate that the combination of nitrogen-rich composition, moderate hydrophilicity, and adequate surface area in textile-derived chars enhances ORR kinetics and resists biofouling. While this study demonstrates the feasibility of repurposing textile waste into high-performing, eco-friendly MFC cathodes, it is constrained by lab-scale, short-term operation, limited surface area of the chars, and the absence of CO 2 integration. Future work should assess long-term stability with real wastewater, optimize pyrolysis and activation processes to enhance ORR activity, and incorporate CO 2 capture to improve performance and scalability.
Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) • 2025
The treatment of lipid-rich wastewater using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is often limited by the low solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic substrates such as fat, oil, and grease (FOG). In this study, we present a sustainable and circular strategy wherein biosurfactants (BSFs) are produced from FOG using Bacillus velezensis and used to enhance FOG bioavailability and consequent degradation in MFCs. BSF production (2.3 g/L) was confirmed via foaming, drop collapse, oil displacement, CTAB-methylene blue agar, and emulsification index assays. When used to increase the bioavailability of FOG, the presence of BSFs improved all key MFC performance metrics. Notably, a 5.5-fold increase in maximum power density was observed from 0.08 to 0.44 W/m 2 when BSFs were added and FOG was used as the sole organic substrate at a 0.27% (v/v) concentration. Current density (1.1 A/m 2 ), COD removal (81.1%), and coulombic efficiency (7.9%) also improved when BSFs were present. The control MFCs operated without BSF showed significant performance deterioration, attributed to poor emulsification, substrate accumulation, and limited availability of substrate. Comparative tests using triolein as a model lipidic substrate highlighted the effectiveness of BSF-assisted FOG degradation.
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology • 2026
External magnetic field technology has been utilized in wastewater treatment. In this study, a current-powered solenoid magnetic field is implemented beyond a dual-chamber cubed MFC to investigate the effects of various current strengths (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mA) on bioelectricity generation and microbial community diversity in the anode chamber. The results show that adding a solenoid magnetic field (MF) can increase both electricity performance and pollutant removal efficiency. Applying a solenoid MF powered by 80 mA (MF-80) resulted in a peak current density of 130 ± 18.2 mA/m² and a power density of 66.3 ± 16.8 mW/m², which are 2.1 times and 3.6 times higher, respectively, compared with the value from MF-0. Moreover, the coulombic efficiency can also be increased from 12.0 to 23.6% without MF to a maximum value of 71.4% by adding solenoid MF-80. More diverse bacterial communities were found with the addition of MF. Without MF, the dominant populations were Pseudomonas (27%); however, with MF-80, Pseudomonas decreased to 4.0%, and Geobacter increased to 12.0%. MF intensity also resulted in varying microbial communities on the anode.
Scientific reports • 2025
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology effectively addresses the dual challenges of wastewater treatment and energy generation, but its widespread application is restricted by the high cost of electrodes. To overcome this, the present study developed a low-cost ceramic anode by blending rice husk ash, mild steel dust, and soil, with the dual objective of treating dye-laden industrial effluents and generating bioelectricity. Two identical MFC configurations were operated using real textile dye wastewater (COD: 2,600 mg/L): one with a ceramic matrix anode containing 50% rice husk ash (MFC 1) and the other without rice husk ash (MFC 2). MFC 1 achieved a maximum open circuit voltage of 958 mV, power density of 250 mW/m², coulombic efficiency (CE) of 2.98%, COD removal efficiency of 88%, and color removal efficiency of 92%, outperforming MFC 2 (577 mV, 86 mW/m², 1.74%, 67%, and 72%, respectively). The incorporation of rice husk ash enhanced anode porosity and microbial attachment, while mild steel dust improved conductivity and mechanical stability. Our findings highlight the potential of rice husk ash and mild steel dust in ceramic anode as a low-cost, sustainable alternative to conventional electrodes for scaling up MFCs in industrial wastewater treatment and bioenergy recovery.
[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.
Journal of the Optical Society of America B • 2026
Over the past decades, fiber-based supercontinuum (SC) sources spanning 1–5 µm have been extensively investigated for a wide range of applications. To meet the growing demand for higher output power and stability, the development of glass fibers combining excellent thermomechanical properties with high nonlinearity is essential. In this work, we report the fabrication of robust niobium-containing gallate glasses. Incorporating niobium oxide up to 20 mol.% significantly improves thermomechanical performance, with a 20% hardness increase and a two-order-of-magnitude improvement in water corrosion resistance over niobium-free glass. Simultaneously, the nonlinear refractive index more than doubles, exceeding that of silica by over an order of magnitude. Importantly, the thermal dilatometric properties remain largely unaffected, enabling the fabrication of niobium-rich gallate step-index multimode fibers. These fibers were successfully employed to generate a supercontinuum spanning from 600 nm to 4.5 µm. Numerical simulations further optimized the step-index design under realistic pumping conditions near 2 µm, consistent with mature thulium-doped fiber lasers. Owing to their unique balance of thermomechanical robustness and high nonlinearity, niobium gallate fibers emerge as strong candidates for power-scalable, reliable all-fiber SC sources, with the potential to deliver high average powers across the 0.5–4.5 µm range.
[object Object]
The Oxford Handbook of Constituent Power • 2026
Abstract This chapter revisits and develops my earlier accounts of post sovereign constitution-making. Historically, the concept is derived from a series of constitutional politics from late twentieth-century Spain, Central Europe, and South Africa. Systematically, it stands for processes of multistage constitution-making, with a negotiated first and electorally legitimated second stage, linked through unchangeable constitutional principles, detailed constitution-making rules, deadlock-breaking mechanisms, and judicial enforcement, all incorporated in an interim constitution. The 2019 and 2022 Chilean efforts first reintroduced the differentiation between an existing legislature and a constitutional convention that was absent from the final stage of the post-sovereign paradigm. Second, Chilean constitution designers added a ratificatory referendum for both efforts. The results of the two failures indicate that the post-sovereign process can, indeed, ‘go wrong’, even if not in the same sense as its sovereign predecessor, which often led to dictatorships.
[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.
Nanomaterials • 2026
Polypyrrole-based functional composites are increasingly explored and extensively adopted for energy storage, sensing, and environmental applications due to their tunable electronic properties, chemical versatility, and mechanical stability. However, rational optimization of these composites requires a unified understanding of electronic, mechanical, thermal, and chemical behavior at the atomic scale, which underlies their multifunctional behavior, and remains fragmented. Notably, Density Functional Theory (DFT) provides indispensable atomistic insight into the electronic, mechanical, thermal, and chemical interactions that govern the performance of multifunctional materials. To bridge these gaps, this review presents a comprehensive assessment of recent DFT and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) studies that elucidate the electronic, mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics of polypyrrole and its hybrid composites. Key theoretical descriptors, including electronic structure modulation, charge transfer behavior, adsorption energetics, interfacial binding energies, hydrogen bond formation, and charge redistribution, are critically assessed to establish structure–property relationships across diverse functional systems. Considerable attention is given to interfacial interactions, doping strategies, and composite architectures that govern durability, conductivity, and chemical stability. By consolidating current atomistic insights and identifying existing limitations, this review provides a coherent framework for rational material design. Notably, it presents the first systematic quantification of dopant steric effects in PPy multifunctional composites, linking atomistic-scale modifications to the optimization of functional properties in next-generation applications.
[object Object], [object Object], [object Object]
Engineering Research Express • 2026
Abstract With the high level of uncertainty introduced by large-scale renewable energy integration and the inability of traditional hourly scheduling to capture minute-level power fluctuations, this paper puts forward a fine-grained coordinated scheduling method for source, grid, load, and storage that combines Rolling Optimization and Benders Decomposition. First, a unified modeling framework with a 5-minute resolution is established. Based on supply-side and demand-side characteristics, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model is developed, incorporating temporal coupling constraints related to thermal power ramping, renewable energy accommodation, and energy storage and demand response. Second, a spatiotemporal coordinated decoupling strategy is designed. In the time domain, the rolling mechanism of Rolling Optimization dynamically corrects long-horizon forecast deviations. In the decision space, the Benders Decomposition algorithm decouples unit commitment decisions represented by integer variables from economic dispatch strategies represented by continuous variables. Dynamic cutting planes are constructed using dual information fed back from subproblems, which fundamentally overcomes the computational bottleneck of high-resolution fine-grained simulation. Case studies based on a typical regional power system, using a modified IEEE Reliability Test System, show that the proposed model effectively increases the average utilization rate of renewable energy to 95.7% (0.60% higher than the second-best method) and reduces the load peak-to-valley difference by 30.9% to 284.7 MW compared with the traditional hourly-resolution model. Curtailed power during peak generation periods decreases by 69.35%, from 43.4 MWh to 13.3 MWh. In particular, for high-dimensional temporal optimization problems, the proposed method reduces computation time by 57.2% compared with the Lagrangian relaxation method under standard test cases. For ultra-large-scale cases where existing methods fail, the proposed method demonstrates unique solvability. By combining the parallel computing potential of Benders Decomposition, this study provides a technical path for real-time fine-grained operation of new-generation power systems.