Asriani Asriani, S.R.A. Rani, J. Agus et al.

Gravitasi • 2022

Microbial Fuel Cell technology using dangke, whole milk, and whey cheese as substrates have been done. Dangke, whole milk, and whey cheese were placed in the anode chamber. As for the cathode chamber, KMnO4 electrolyte solution was used. The two chambers were then connected by a membrane made of a salt bridge. The highest voltage measurement results for dangke, whey cheese, and whole milk substrate were respectifley obtained at 659 mV, 998 mV, and 670 mV. As for the current measurement on each substrate, it was 0.29 mA, 0.37 mA, and 0.23 mA. In general, the measurement results show that the MFC made using whey cheese substrate has the best quality with a power density of 9.23 x 10-3 W/m2 . Thus, whey cheese which is an industrial waste can be used as an alternative source of electricity by converting organic compounds using microorganisms.

Parisa Nouri, Ghasem Najafpour Darzi

Engineering in Life Sciences • 2016

Energy harvest from optimized annular single chamber microbial fuel cell (ASCMFC) with novel configuration, which treats chocolate industry wastewater, was investigated. In this study, optimization of operational parameters of the ASCMFC in terms of efficiency water‐soluble organic matter reduction and capability of electricity generation was evaluated. During the experiment, effluent from the anode compartment was examined through current and power density curves for variation in temperature and pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and turbidity removal, and substrate concentration. The performance analyzed at different temperature ranges such as 25, 30, 35, and 40°C, which showed 88% increase by uprising temperature from 25 to 35°C. The ASCMFC was used to produce electricity by adjusting pH between 5 and 9 at resistance of 100 Ω. Under the condition of pH 7 power density (16.75 W/m 3 ) was highest, which means natural pH is preferred to maximize microbial activities. Wastewater concentration with COD of 700 and 1400 mg/L were investigated to determine its affection on current production. Reduction of current density was observed due to decrease in wastewater concentration. Significant reduction in COD and turbidity of effluent were 91 and 78%, respectively. The coulombic efficiency of 45.1% was achieved.

Sharaddha Sharma, D. C. Tiwari

Contemporary Advances in Science and Technology • 2023

Nanocomposite of polypyrrole/polyaniline multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PANI/PPY-multiwalled carbon nanotubes [MWCNT]) was electrochemically deposited on surface of porous carbon cloth (CC). The Modified nanocomposite was used as anode in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sewage waste water treatment while generating electrical power. The modified electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR. The electrochemical properties and conductivity of the electrode have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The composite electrode shows good conductivity and power Density 1,145.4 + 5.5 mWm-2 obtained at seventh day, 15th and 27th day of incubation Composite also shows stability and biocompatibility for sewage waste water treatment while generating electricity.

Rodrigo Moreno‐Cervera, Manuel Aguilar‐Vega, Jorge Domínguez‐Maldonado et al.

Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology • 2019

Abstract BACKGROUND Greywater and blackwater treatment is necessary to make sanitation and water reuse possible, and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a promising technology for achieving this objective. Ion exchange membranes play a key role in double chamber microbial fuel cell performance, but there are differences of opinion as to which membrane type is better. RESULTS This project was set up to study the effect of three ion exchange membranes (Nafion® 117, Ultrex™ CMI‐7000 and Ultrex™ AMI‐7001) in MFCs using greywater as catholyte in stacks of three microbial fuel cells each. The results demonstrate that the stacks with cationic membranes (Nafion® 117 and Ultrex™ CMI‐7000) generated higher power (201.50 ± 21.62 and 178.74 ± 56.89 mW m −3 , respectively) than those with the anionic membrane stack Ultrex™ AMI‐7001 (71.57 ± 3.46 mW m −3 ). For the greywater catholyte, a 31% of chemical oxygen demand removal was achieved and proved to be an option as a catholyte in microbial fuel cells for countries that carry out wastewater separation. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study demonstrated that an anion exchange membrane is not a better option for double chamber MFCs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Mohammad Amin Mousavian, Sepideh Hosseini, Bita Ayati

Water • 2022

In this study, the simultaneous enzymatic decolorization of reactive blue 221 (RB221) and the performance of different electrode carbon nanotube (CNT)-modified/unmodified carbon graphite cathodes were investigated in a dual-chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) at a permanent temperature of 25 °C. The maximum power density and maximum voltage increased by approximately 13.6% and 50%, respectively, when using the CNT-modified carbon graphite electrode as the cathode. A suspended laccase enzyme was utilized in the cathode compartment for dye decolorization. In the absence of the dye, laccase caused an increase in power density to about 28%. In addition, this research revealed that an initial dye concentration of 80 mg/L simultaneously resulted in an enzymatic decolorization efficiency of 73.4% in the cathode chamber and 82.3% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of sucrose in the anode chamber. Finally, this study substantiates the fact that an MFC equipped with a CNT-modified carbon graphite electrode can be used for bioelectricity generation and effective dye removal.

Juliana John, Karnapa Ajit, Haribabu Krishnan et al.

Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology • 2024

Abstract BACKGROUND Bio‐electro‐Fenton (BEF) systems, specifically microbial fuel cell (MFC) driven electro‐Fenton (EF) systems, have gained significant attention in wastewater treatment in recent years. The role of the cathode catalyst in BEF is crucial, as it undergoes O 2 reduction via a 2e − oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to produce H 2 O 2 . In this study, we have harnessed the abundant lignocellulosic composition of cocoa pod husk (CPH) to prepare a novel iron‐doped heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the BEF system. Cocoa is typically grown for its wet beans, which constitute only one third of cocoa fruit by weight, while CPH makes up about two‐thirds of the weight and is often discarded as by‐product or waste. As a result, approximately 10 million tons of CPH are produced globally each year, highlighting the potential for transforming it into a value‐added product. To date, CPH has been utilised as a natural fertiliser, soil amendment, biomass fuel, poultry and livestock feed ingredient, and more. RESULTS The presence of mesoporous structure, iron content, oxygen containing functional groups, and prominent reduction peaks in cyclic voltammetry validated the Fe‐doped cocoa husk biochar's (Fe‐CHB) potential to act as an ORR catalyst. The BEF system achieved an open circuit voltage, current, and power densities of 0.697 V, 0.15 A/m 2 , and 0.040 W/m 2 , respectively, at an optimum resistance of 350 Ω. Optimisation of the process parameters using RSM and ANN predicted maximum dye removal efficiencies of 93.34% and 92.45%, respectively, at dye and substrate concentrations of 10 mg/L and 1 g/L. These predictions closely aligned with the experimental findings of 92.5%. CONCLUSION The synthesised catalyst provided large surface area, electrical conductivity, superior ORR catalytic efficiencies, and ample sites for H 2 O 2 activation. Hence, Fe‐CHB can serve as a highly effective electrocatalyst in BEF systems. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Asimina Tremouli, Pavlos K. Pandis, Theofilos Kamperidis et al.

E3S Web of Conferences • 2018

A stack of two identical single chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was assessed during using fermentable house hold extract as substrate. The design of the MFC units was based on the single chamber membrane-less technology using four cathode electrodes. The total power output was 492 mW either in series or parallel connection considering a total anolyte volume of 240 cm 3 . During continuous operation, the COD removal was 80% for each cell and for both operation modes (series and parallel). The electrochemical profiles provided significant information on the behaviour of the stack. During continuous operation, parallel connection is preferred over series connection, as it results to the same power output values, and COD removal but it provides lower internal resistances leading to more stable electrochemical performance behaviour.

B. Neethu, M. M. Ghangrekar

Water Science and Technology • 2017

Abstract Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are bio-electrochemical devices generating electricity from redox gradients occurring across the sediment–water interface. Sediment microbial carbon-capture cell (SMCC), a modified SMFC, uses algae grown in the overlying water of sediment and is considered as a promising system for power generation along with algal cultivation. In this study, the performance of SMCC and SMFC was evaluated in terms of power generation, dissolved oxygen variations, sediment organic matter removal and algal growth. SMCC gave a maximum power density of 22.19 mW/m2, which was 3.65 times higher than the SMFC operated under similar conditions. Sediment organic matter removal efficiencies of 77.6 ± 2.1% and 61.0 ± 1.3% were obtained in SMCC and SMFC, respectively. With presence of algae at the cathode, a maximum chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen removal efficiencies of 63.3 ± 2.3% (8th day) and 81.6 ± 1.2% (10th day), respectively, were observed. The system appears to be favorable from a resources utilization perspective as it does not depend on external aeration or membranes and utilizes algae and organic matter present in sediment for power generation. Thus, SMCC has proven its applicability for installation in an existing oxidation pond for sediment remediation, algae growth, carbon conversion and power generation, simultaneously.

Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh

Processes • 2020

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising technology for bioenergy generation and wastewater treatment. Various parameters affect the performance of dual-chamber MFCs, such as substrate flow rate and concentration. Performance can be assessed by power density ( PD ), current density ( CD ) production, or substrate removal efficiency ( SRE ). In this study, a mathematical model-based optimization was used to optimize the performance of an MFC using single- and multi-objective optimization (MOO) methods. Matlab’s fmincon and fminimax functions were used to solve the nonlinear constrained equations for the single- and multi-objective optimization, respectively. The fminimax method minimizes the worst-case of the two conflicting objective functions. The single-objective optimization revealed that the maximum PD , CD , and SRE were 2.04 W/m2, 11.08 A/m2, and 73.6%, respectively. The substrate concentration and flow rate significantly impacted the performance of the MFC. Pareto-optimal solutions were generated using the weighted sum method for maximizing the two conflicting objectives of PD and CD in addition to PD and SRE simultaneously. The fminimax method for maximizing PD and CD showed that the compromise solution was to operate the MFC at maximum PD conditions. The model-based optimization proved to be a fast and low-cost optimization method for MFCs and it provided a better understanding of the factors affecting an MFC’s performance. The MOO provided Pareto-optimal solutions with multiple choices for practical applications depending on the purpose of using the MFCs.

Marcelinus Christwardana, Linda Aliffia Yoshi, J. Joelianingsih

Reaktor • 2021

This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing bioelectricity utilizing yeast microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology with sugarcane bagasse juice as a substrate. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed as a bio-catalyst in the production of electrical energy. Sugarcane bagasse juice can be used as a substrate in MFC yeast because of its relatively high sugar content. When yeast was used as a biocatalyst, and Yeast Extract, Peptone, D-Glucose (YPD) Medium was used as a substrate in the MFC in the acclimatization process, current density increased over time to reach 171.43 mA/m2 in closed circuit voltage (CCV), maximum power density (MPD) reached 13.38 mW/m2 after 21 days of the acclimatization process. When using sugarcane bagasse juice as a substrate, MPD reached 6.44 mW/m2 with a sugar concentration of about 5230 ppm. Whereas the sensitivity, maximum current density (Jmax), and apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑝𝑝) from the Michaelis-Menten plot were 0.01474 mA/(m2.ppm), 263.76 mA/m2, and 13594 ppm, respectively. These results indicate that bioelectricity can be produced from sugarcane bagasse juice by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Keywords: biomass valorization, biofuel cell, acclimatization, maximum power density, Michaelis-Menten constant

Ahmed Yasir Radeef, Zainab Ziad Ismail

Journal of Engineering • 2018

This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of treatment actual potato chips processing wastewater in a continuously operated dual chambers microbial fuel cell (MFC) inoculated with anaerobic sludge. The results demonstrated significant removal of COD and suspended solids of more than 99% associated with relatively high generation of current and power densities of 612.5 mW/m3 and 1750 mA/m3, respectively at 100 Ω external resistance.

Yuyang Wang, Yu Song, Zhijie Wang et al.

Coatings • 2025

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioelectrochemical device for biomass power generation, and the anode material determines the performance of the MFC. In this study, a novel anode material, which is a combination of graphite oxide/polythiophene (GO/Pth), was prepared on a carbon felt (CF) substrate and exhibited excellent capacitive performance. The MFC equipped with the CF/GO/Pth anode achieved a significant increase in power density, reaching a maximum value of 2.9 W/m3, which is a 3.32-fold increase in power density compared to that of the CF anode. Meanwhile, the CF/GO/Pth anode stored charge Qt value was as high as 11,258.68 C/m2, which was 4.13 times higher than that of the CF anode (2727.66 C/m2). High-throughput analysis showed that the percentage of charge-producing bacteria on the surface of the CF/GO/Pth anode was more than 90%, which was significantly higher than that of the charge-producing bacteria attached to the CF anode. This further confirms the significant enhancement of MFC performance by materials such as GO and Pth coated on the CF surface. In this study, CF/GO/Pth anode materials were prepared to successfully enhance the power output and charge storage capacity of MFC, and they also showed broad application prospects in the degradation of polluted waste liquids.

Jawad Ahmed, Imdad Ali, Sudheer Hussain et al.

Sukkur IBA Journal of Emerging Technologies • 2025

Abstract This study investigates the thermal behavior of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells using hydrogen and hydrogen methanol fuels. An extensive 3D model was constructed for the simulation of the temperature, current density, and thermal efficiency distribution, with Nafion EW1100 membranes under high-temperature conditions using COMSOL Multiphysics. Moreover, this study highlights the essential connection between temperature profiles and the performance of the entire fuel cell. However, at a given voltage of 0.4 V and 0.8 V, hydrogen consistently operated at lower temperatures between the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL), Gas Diffusion Electrode (GDE), and the PEM compared to the hydrogen methanol fuel. For instance, at 0.4 V hydrogen temperatures 4-5 K lower than that of hydrogen, and methanol at 0.8 V, this difference increased to 4-6 K. The temperature differential is indicative of hydrogen's ability to manipulate its heat-generating and dissipating processes more efficiently than PET. This demonstrates hydrogen’s advantages over other fuel cells because the current density correlates with temperature. For all temperatures, hydrogen provides higher current densities than hydrogen-methanol, supporting its usefulness in improving fuel cell efficiency. This increased thermal management not only improves the thermal efficiency of the fuel cell but also prolongs PEM, GDL, and GDE life by decreasing the thermal stress. Hence, from this analysis, it is shown that hydrogen fuel contributed to better thermal management causing superior performance and greater lifetime for PEMFC. This could be more efficient fuel cell systems for the application of advanced membrane technology such as Nafion EW1100.

Mohamed Derbeli, Oscar Barambones, Lassaad Sbita

Applied Sciences • 2018

Taking into account the limited capability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to produce energy, it is mandatory to provide solutions, in which an efficient power produced by PEMFCs can be attained. The maximum power point tracker (MPPT) plays a considerable role in the performance improvement of the PEMFCs. Conventional MPPT algorithms showed good performances due to their simplicity and easy implementation. However, oscillations around the maximum power point and inefficiency in the case of rapid change in operating conditions are their main drawbacks. To this end, a new MPPT scheme based on a current reference estimator is presented. The main goal of this work is to keep the PEMFCs functioning at an efficient power point. This goal is achieved using the backstepping technique, which drives the DC–DC boost converter inserted between the PEMFC and the load. The stability of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by means of Lyapunov analysis. To verify the ability of the proposed method, an extensive simulation test is executed in a Matlab–Simulink TM environment. Compared with the well-known proportional–integral (PI) controller, results indicate that the proposed backstepping technique offers rapid and adequate converging to the operating power point.

David Tucker, Larry Lawson, Randall Gemmen

ASME 2005 Power Conference • 2004

Air flow management and control in a fuel cell gas turbine hybrid power system is evaluated using the Hybrid Performance (Hyper) hardware simulation facility at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), U.S. Department of Energy. The Hyper facility at NETL is a hardware simulation of a fuel cell gas turbine hybrid power system capable of emulating systems in the range of 300kW to 900kW. The hardware portion is comprised of a modified single-shaft gas turbine, a high performance exhaust gas recuperator, several pressure vessels that represent the volumes and flow impedances of the fuel cell and combustors, and the associated integration piping. The simulation portion consists of a real time fuel cell model that is used to control a natural gas burner which replicates the thermal output of a solid oxide fuel cell. Thermal management in the fuel cell component of the hybrid system, especially during an imposed load transient, is improved through the control of cathode air flow. This can be accomplished in a fuel cell turbine hybrid by diverting air around the fuel cell system. Two methods for air flow control are presented in the paper. In this paper, the use of bleed air by-pass and cold air by-pass are characterized quantitatively in terms of compressor inlet flow, process limits, system efficiency and system performance.

Takemi Chikahisa, Yutaka Tabe, Kazushige Kikuta et al.

ASME 2006 Fourth International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, Parts A and B • 2005

This paper observes phenomena related to water production behavior inside a fuel cell and analyzes the effect on the current and temperature distribution across the reaction area. A fuel cell permitting direct observation of the phenomena in the cell, 2-D temperature measurements in the cathode channels, and local current density measurements on the anode side was manufactured. The experimental results showed the production and flow of liquid water in the cell, and there were good correlations among the distributions of current density, temperature, and water amounts in the channels. The behavior of current, voltage, water distribution, and pressure differences in the cathode channels were used to hypothesize about the possibility of gas paths deep in the gas diffusion layer in the flooded condition and a positive feedback mechanism in the drying-out condition.

Sebastian Roa Prada, Oscar Eduardo Rueda Sanchez

Volume 6: Energy • 2017

Wastewater treatment plants help removing organic matter from wastewater, and at the same time, generate digester gas as a useful byproduct. Digester gas is rich in methane, which can be used to generate electricity. Fuel cell systems are the cleanest technology for power recovery from digester gas, since all other technologies generate electricity by burning all the digester gas. The most commonly used type of fuel cell for power generation from digester gas in wastewater treatment plants is the molten carbonate fuel cell. This type of fuel cell can tolerate the impurities usually found in digester gas, such as CO2 and H2S; however, this kind of fuel cell systems is more suitable for large wastewater treatment plants. This prevents the use of fuel cells for power generation from digester gas in wastewater treatment plants serving medium and small size cities, or even farms. This research attempts to explore solutions to make fuel cell technologies technically and economically feasible for medium and small size wastewater treatment plants. The most suitable type of fuel cells for small applications is the Proton Exchange Membrane, PEM, fuel cell. The main challenge in using PEM fuel cells for power recovery from digester gas is that they are highly sensitive to impurities in its hydrogen gas supply. Therefore, in order to use PEM fuel cells in this application, energy must be spent in cleaning the digester gas before it enters the PEM fuel cell and reformer system. Energy is also required in the form of heat by the reformer system to produce the hydrogen needed by the fuel cell. Both the energy used in the cleaning of the digester gas and the hydrogen generation process comes from burning part of the digester gas. This reduces the amount of digester gas available for hydrogen production and electricity generation, respectively. The approach followed in this investigation seeks to develop a Simulink® model of the reformer and fuel cell so that the modeling tools of Matlab® can be used to simulate the performance of the system under different operating conditions. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to identify critical operating parameters affecting the performance of the overall system. The results obtained in this work provide guidelines for future studies of performance optimization and optimal control using the tools available in Matlab®, in order to get maximum electricity generation from digester gas using PEM fuel cell systems.

Shuang Yu, Peng Dou, Yue Yin et al.

Research Square • 2021

Abstract A constructed wetland (CW) coupled microbial fuel cell (MFC) system that treats wastewater and generates electricity was constructed. The total phosphorus in the simulated domestic sewage was used as the treatment target, and the optimal phosphorus removal effect and electricity generation were determined by comparing the changes in substrates, hydraulic retention times, and microorganisms. The mechanism underlying phosphorus removal was also analyzed. The experimental results showed that the best removal efficiencies of the two CW-MFC systems that used magnesia and garnet as substrates were 80.3% and 92.4%, respectively. Phosphorus removal by the garnet matrix mainly depends on a complex adsorption process whereas the magnesia system relies on ion exchange reactions. The CW-MFC system can also generate electricity. The highest output voltage and stable voltage of the garnet system were both higher than those of the magnesia system. The maximum stable voltage of the garnet device was 500 mV, while that of the magnesia device was 290 mV. The microorganisms in the soil and in the electrode within the wetland sediments also substantially changed, indicating that microorganisms positively respond to the removal of organic matter and power generation. Combining the advantages of constructed wetlands and microbial fuel cells also improves phosphorus removal in the coupled system. Therefore, when studying a CW-MFC system, the selection of electrode materials, matrix, and system structure should be taken into account in order to find a method that will improve the power generation capacity of the system and remove phosphorus.

Munawar Ali, Aerani Arifani Widodo

JURNAL ENVIROTEK • 2019

Limbah cair Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH) mengandung bahan organik dengan konsentrasi tinggi, padatan tersuspensi, serta bahan koloid seperti lemak, protein, dan selulosa. Bahan organik ini dapat menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan lingkungan jika dibuang langsung ke badan air. Oleh karena itu, pengolahan limbah cair RPH perlu dilakukan untuk meminimasi potensi pencemaran lingkungan. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) adalah salah satu alternatif pengolahan air limbah dan penghasil bioenergi listrik yang dapat terbarukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kuat arus listrik dan power density yang dihasilkan oleh MFC dan menurunkan kadar COD pada limbah cair RPH. Pada penelitian ini digunakan reaktor dual-chamber MFC dengan variasi jenis elektroda dan lama waktu inkubasi substrat selama 120 jam penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MFC menghasilkan kuat arus listrik maksimum sebesar 2,14 mA dan power density maksimum sebesar 4738,55 mW/m2 oleh reaktor C. Reaktor MFC mampu menurunkan kadar COD limbah cair RPH hingga 71% dengan lama waktu inkubasi substrat 10 hari.

Iori Kazama, Yuji Aso, Tomonari Tanaka et al.

Energies • 2023

In this paper, we presented a novel microbial fuel cell (bMFC) structure, with a bipolar membrane separating the anode and cathode chambers. A bipolar membrane divides the bMFC into anode and cathode chambers. The bipolar membrane comprises anion and cation exchange layers. The anode chamber side has the cation exchange layer, while the cathode chamber side has the anion exchange layer. The anode chamber of the bMFC was loaded with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and lactic acid, while the cathode chamber was loaded with pure water and iron (III) hydroxide. The bMFC generated electrons for 20 days at a maximum current density of 30 mA/m2 and the ohmic resistance value was estimated to be 500 Ω. During the operation of the bMFC, both the anode and cathode chambers kept anaerobic conditions. There was no platinum catalyst in the cathode chamber, which is required for the reaction of protons with oxygen. Therefore, oxygen could not serve as an electron acceptor in the bMFC. We considered a bMFC mechanism in which protons produced by S. oneidensis react with hydroxide ions, the counter anions of Fe3+, inside the bipolar membrane to produce water. In other words, the electron acceptor in bMFC would be Fe3+.

Praveena Gangadharan, Indumathi M. Nambi

Water Science and Technology • 2014

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is utilized to treat hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from wastewater and to generate electricity simultaneously. The Cr(VI) is bioelectrochemically reduced to non-toxic Cr(III) form in the presence of an organic electron donor in a dual-chambered MFC. The Cr(VI) as catholyte and artificial wastewater inoculated with anaerobic sludge as anolyte, Cr(VI) at 100 mg/L was completely removed within 48 h (initial pH value 2.0). The total amount of Cr recovered was 99.87% by the precipitation of Cr(III) on the surface of the cathode. In addition to that 78.4% of total organic carbon reduction was achieved at the anode chamber within 13 days of operation. Furthermore, the maximum power density of 767.01 mW/m2 (2.08 mA/m2) was achieved by MFCs at ambient conditions. The present work has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using MFCs for simultaneous energy production from wastewater and reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to non-toxic Cr(III).

Hani Moubasher, Abdelrahman Tammam, Mahmoud Saleh

Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences • 2024

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are very important source to obtain green electricity and also for decontamination of waste water. Bioelectricity yield from biofuel cells is still needed for maximizing. Microbial laccases, especially those produced by fungi, are currently considered to be one of the most promising biocatalyst for bioelectricity production and also purification of water from the different pollutant, especially phenolic compounds. In the present work, different electrolyte solutions used in anode and cathode chambers to evaluate efficiency of each to produce voltage & current and also to prove that using economical electrolytes, which were agro-industrial waste called el-ghasheem at anode and only tap water at cathode, achieve good results in comparison with other commonly used electrolytes which were glucose, sodium nitrate, mono-potassium phosphate, di-potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride and magnesium sulfate. The use of El-ghasheem in the economic MFC showed power improvement results when fungal laccase, produced from Monodictys castaneae fungus, had been used as cathodic reaction catalyst to increase voltage production from 0.466±0.003 V to 0.807±0.002 V and current from 0.025±0.003 A to 0.09±0.003 A at 37 °C, anolyte pH 6 and catholyte pH 5 for 10 days incubation period. It was noticed that this laccase enzyme had the 98.38±0.264 % phenol removal activity from anode chamber through indirect effect and 99.69±0.276 % phenol removal activity from cathode chamber through direct effect when El-ghasheem was used as the organic fuel at the anode side. In this study using unstudied agro-industrial waste, Electricity was produced by the new fungal laccase which showed the high performance in electricity production enhancement and also phenol compounds removal through low cost MFC.

Ioannis Ieropoulos, Olivia Reddy, Jonathan Winfield et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2018

The cleaning and treatment of wastewater is a necessary, yet energy intensive practice. One of the greatest challenges society faces is therefore how to reduce the energy consumed in this process. A promising pathway to tackle this problem is by using innovative, low or zero energy consuming, technologies such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which harness the natural metabolism of bacteria and generate power. These microorganisms breakdown the organic content in wastewater i.e. treat/clean the liquid, and release electrons as part of their anaerobic respiration. Previous studies using MFC technology have been able to reduce the COD of the influent by up to 95% (1). Although MFCs do not generate large amounts of power, by incorporating them into existing treatment systems, the amount of energy needed to further clean wastewater is reduced. In addition, they continuously produce electricity, which can be fed back into the system and used to run low power devices (e.g. pumps for wastewater circulation). The configuration of MFCs greatly affects their performance, with the structure and materials that they are made out of being the governing factors for energy production, catholyte synthesis and wastewater treatment. In response to the need for optimum configuration, this study explores whether the positioning of the anode and cathode (either internally or externally on a cylindrical MFC) has a significant effect on the overall performance of an MFC. Two identical MFCs were tested, with the only variable being the anode and cathode configuration (internal anode with external cathode, and vice versa). The dimensions of the outer electrode were 40mm x 90mm, and 50mm x 70mm for the inner electrode, giving similar surface areas of 36cm 2 and 35cm 2 , respectively. Results have so far shown that MFCs with the anode inside the cylinder and the cathode outside produce power outputs which are three times greater than those with internal cathodes and external anodes, with peak power outputs of 655µW and 219µW respectively. Practically, the benefits of having an internal anode include the advantage of using the MFC directly as part of the hydraulic (pipe) network, with the substrate fed through directly. This kind of design reduces the amount of external plumbing that is needed throughout the structure, and therefore reduces the risk of leakage. In addition, the external cathode can be partially covered or contained, which allows the half-cell to remain hydrated, and for any excess liquid (catholyte) to be easily collected. This is highly desirable due to the disinfectant properties of this liquid (2), which once again can be fed back into a wastewater treatment system and reduce overall energy demand. The acquisition of this knowledge is essential as MFCs need to be designed to suit target environments and applications, for both industrial and societal means. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will provide the MFC community with a decisive answer to how best design a cylindrical cell, which can be used as benchmark for future research. References: (1) Ieropoulos, I.A., Stinchcombe, A., Gajda, I., Forbes, S., Merino-Jimenez, I., Pasternak, G., Sanchez-Herranz, D. and Greenman, J., 2016. Pee power urinal–microbial fuel cell technology field trials in the context of sanitation. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology , 2 (2), pp.336-343. (2) Gajda, I., Greenman, J., Melhuish, C. and Ieropoulos, I.A., 2016. Electricity and disinfectant production from wastewater: Microbial Fuel Cell as a self-powered electrolyser. Scientific reports , 6 , p.25571.

Marcus V Gomez, Gavin Mai, Tammy Greenwood et al.

Journal of Emerging Investigators • 2013

This study analyzes the potential viability of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum for producing electricity via microbial fuel cell (MFC), as prior research has not investigated this capacity. A prototype for a photoMFC was developed using clear PVC along with carbon cloth and steel electrodes. Initial testing revealed that R. rubrum could produce power utilizing the photoMFC (peak power of approximately 1.25 W/m²). Having established R. rubrum ’s capacity for photoMFC performance, the wavelength of exposed light and resistance were modified to determine the ideal conditions. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the differences in power outputs under varied wavelengths were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Power curves were calculated to determine the optimal resistance via regression analysis (r² = 0.93, p < 0.0001, optimized resistance: 231 Ω). The fuel cell was lastly monitored under sunlight (in a greenhouse) over a 10-day trial, with results showing that the photoMFC could perform effectively under practical outdoor conditions. Under optimal conditions, the R. rubrum photoMFC was predicted to produce maximum instantaneous power of 1.25 W/m². In comparison to other high-power output photoMFCs, the R. rubrum photoMFC performed about 44% as effectively. Although the R. rubrum photoMFC did not perform as efficiently as other reported photoMFCs, its abundance in facilities that invite practical MFC implementation such as wastewater treatment coupled with the fact that R. rubrum is both a heterotrophic and photosynthetic bacteria support its usefulness in realistic, large-scale industrial MFC models.

Sandeep S. Lele, Michael A. Sizemore, Sutyen S. Zalawadia et al.

ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology • 2013

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells rely on effective internal water transport to provide stable performance. Many water management schemes require high heat, high pressure, or high flow rates — effectively introducing parasitic losses and reducing round-trip efficiency. In this work, a radial, non-recirculating, unitized regenerative fuel cell prototype with passive water transport is designed and tested. The cell features a 5 cm2 active area with 1.2 mm wide by 0.6 mm high gas flow channels. Porous polymer wicks are fabricated in the cathode side flow channels and coupled with a bulk water storage structure. The resulting wicks are 0.3 mm wide and 0.6 mm high. Discharge operating voltage measured during current control testing resulted in 1 V at open circuit, 0.8 V at 0.3 A·cm−2, and 0.2 V at 1 A·cm−2. Charge operating current density measured during voltage control testing resulted in 0.1 A·cm−2 at 1.5 V, 0.3 A·cm−2 at 1.6 V, and 0.8 A·cm−2 at 2 V. During the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) conditioning procedure, degradation in operating current density is seen over a 30–100 minute time span.

I. Sharma, M. M. Ghangrekar

Water Science and Technology • 2017

Abstract An appropriate current collector (CC) is crucial for harvesting substantial power in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). In the present study, stainless steel (SS) and titanium wires were used as the CCs for both the anode and cathode of MFC-1 and MFC-2, respectively. Tungsten wire (TW) was used as the anode CC in MFC-3, with SS wire as the cathode CC. In MFC-4, TW was used as the cathode CC with SS wire as the anode CC, and in MFC-5 both electrode CCs were TW. The power density, current density, oxidation current and bio-capacitance were compared to select the best and most cost effective CC material to enhance the power output of MFCs. Maximum power densities (mW/m2) of 32.28, 93.10, 225.38, 210.74, and 234.88 were obtained in MFC-1, MFC-2, MFC-3, MFC-4, and MFC-5, respectively. The highest current density (639.86 mA/m2) and coulombic efficiency (23.12 ± 1.5%) achieved in MFC-5 showed TW to be the best CC for both electrodes. The maximum oxidation current of 7.4 mA and 7 mA and bio-capacitance of 10.3 mF/cm2 and 9.7 mF/cm2 were achieved in MFC-3 and MFC-5, respectively, suggesting TW is the best as the anode CC and SS wire as the cathode CC to reduce MFC fabrication costs.

Renata Toczyłowska-Mamińska, Mariusz Ł. Mamiński, Wojciech Kwasowski

Energies • 2025

Although soil is mainly perceived as the basic component of agricultural production, it also plays a pivotal role in environmental protection and climate change mitigation. Soil ecosystems are the largest terrestrial carbon source and greenhouse gas emitters, and their degradation as a result of aggressive human activity exacerbates the problem of climate change. Application of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology to soil-based ecosystems such as sediments, wetlands, farmland, or meadows allows for sustainable management of these environments with energy and environmental benefits. Soil ecosystem-based MFCs enable zero-energy, environmentally friendly soil bioremediation (with efficiencies reaching even 99%), direct clean energy production from various soil-based ecosystems (with power production reaching 334 W/m2), and monitoring of soil quality or wastewater treatment in wetlands (with efficiencies of up to 99%). They are also a new strategy for greenhouse gas, soil salinity, and metal accumulation mitigation. This article reviews the current state of the art in the field of application of MFC technology to various soil-based ecosystems, including soil MFCs, sediment MFCs, plant MFCs, and CW-MFCs (constructed wetlands coupled with MFCs).

B. Ibrahimoglu, M. Z. Yilmazoglu, S. Celenk

Fuel Cells • 2017

Abstract Polymer exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are promising energy converters due to their unique features with an application potential for many sectors. The performance of PEM fuel cells depends on a number of factors, one of which is suitable flow‐field design. In this study, the effect of spiral flow‐field design is investigated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The model consists of the transport phenomena in a fuel cell. Electrochemical reactions, mass, heat, energy, species transport, and potential fields equations are solved by ANSYS‐FLUENT. The polarization and power density curve, temperature, pressure, and distributions of the gases inside the flow‐fields were obtained. The results were compared with the reference geometry. Although the spiral flow‐field has considerable ohmic losses, the velocity and pressure distributions of the gases are found to be uniform. Furthermore, it is shown that the spiral flow‐field reduces the pressure drop per unit length of the flow‐field. When compared to other flow‐field designs, the spiral flow‐field is found to be quite efficient by means of auxiliary power consumption.

H. R. Shiu, C. T. Chang, Y. Y. Yan et al.

ASME 2006 Fourth International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, Parts A and B • 2005

A large-scale polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with novel interdigitated (or discontinuous) flow channel has been investigated experimentally. Interdigitated channel geometry has the advantages of effective water removal and higher reaction efficiency through forcing gas transport in the diffusion layer. In this study, multiple-Z type flow pattern has been adopted on the interdigitated channels. The active area of flow channel plate is 256 cm2 (16 cm × 16 cm). The channel width and depth are 1 mm and 0.8 mm respectively. The rib width is 1 mm. The performance of single PEM fuel cell with an interdigitated flow field is studied with appropriated operating conditions. The results demonstrated that the multiple-Z interdigitated flow channel has better performance compared with the conventional Z type by presented in the form of Current-Voltage (I-V) polarization curves. The pressure drop loss of multiple-Z interdigitated flow field increases about one time with the conventional one. The experimental results under the effects of gas humidification temperature and reactant gas flow rate, etc. have been comprehensively discussed in this work.

Fang-Bor Weng, Bo-Shian Jou, Pei-Hung Chi et al.

Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology • 2009

A micro-fuel-cell stack of six cells with an active area of 2.73 cm2 and 2.5 W output power has been designed and fabricated in-house. It can go with mini hydrogen storage and provide enough power for portable electric products. Under polarization curve measurement, when the voltage was scanning to low voltage, the performance was quickly decayed by the low fuel concentration. This result was contributed by a limited fuel supply of metal hydride hydrogen tank. The voltage declined to very low voltage in some of the cell stacks when the current output was at high current. This phenomenon is attributed to the self-breath of air in the cathode. At the higher current of 0.9 A condition, the stack voltage was decreased even though the high hydrogen flow rate was increased. The solution to prevent the decrease in voltage is adding the airflow in the cathode. The fuel cell performances respond to the transient of load changes influenced by the hydrogen flow rate and step increase in current. The flow change can decrease the high resistance in the transient of the current output, which prevents membrane electrode assembly (MEA) degradation caused by being operated for many times. After a series of experiments in this study, the micro-fuel-cell system demonstrates the ability of offering a stable power to a cell phone or robot with reliability.

Elizabeth Aleman-Gama, Alan J. Cornejo-Martell, Sathish Kumar Kamaraj et al.

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology • 2022

The high internal resistance (Rint) that develops across the sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFC) limits their power production (~4/10 mW m−2) that can be recovered from an initial oil-contaminated sediment (OCS). In the anolyte, Rint is related to poor biodegradation activity, quality and quantity of contaminant content in the sediment and anode material. While on the catholyte, Rint depends on the properties of the catholyte, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the cathode material. In this work, the main factors limiting the power output of the SMFC have been minimized. The power output of the SMFC was increased (47 times from its initial value, ~4 mW m−2) minimizing the SMFC Rint (28 times from its initial value, 5000 ohms), following the main modifications. Anolyte: the initial OCS was amended with several amounts of gasoline and kerosene. The best anaerobic microbial activity of indigenous populations was better adapted (without more culture media) to 3 g of kerosene. Catholyte: ORR was catalyzed in birnessite/carbon fabric (CF)-cathode at pH 2, 0.8M Na2SO4. At the class level, the main microbial groups (Gammaproteobacteria, Coriobacteriia, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria) with electroactive members were found at C-anode and were associated with the high-power densities obtained. Gasoline is more difficult to biodegrade than kerosene. However, in both cases, SMFC biodegradation activity and power output are increased when ORR is performed on birnessite/CF in 0.8 M Na2SO4 at pH 2. The work discussed here can focus on bioremediation (in heavy OCS) or energy production in future work.

Sri Rachmania Juliastuti, Fitria Nur Laily, Raden Darmawan

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis • 2024

The generation of electricity via MFC is subject to alteration by the concentration of the substrate. The objective of this study was to examine the performance of MFCs using both theoretical and experimental methods to ascertain the kinetic parameters associated with the addition of cobalt, with the aim of enhancing electricity generation via MFCs. The study demonstrated the impact of varying substrate concentrations and the composition of food waste and water, with formulas 0:5, 1:4, 2:3, 3:2, 4:1, and 5:0 (w/v). The kinetics of biochemical reactions were determined by employing the Monod and Gates-Marlar equations. The Monod equations were evaluated using three distinct representation methods. The Langmuir, Lineweaver-Burk, and Eadie-Hofstee models were employed. Conversely, the electrochemical reaction rate is evaluated through the Butler-Volmer equation. The current density derived from the theoretical approach exhibited a comparable pattern to that observed in the experimental data. The maximum power density was attained at a substrate concentration of 4:1 (w/v) exceeding 25,000 mW/m². The presented model facilitated the enhancement and optimization of MFC performance. Substrate concentration and biomass concentration exert a significant influence on MFC performance, as evidenced by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology (RSM). Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Tian‐shun Song, Wei‐min Tan, Xia‐yuan Wu et al.

Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology • 2012

Abstract BACKGROUND: Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) could be used as power sources and one type of new technology for the removal of organic matters in sediments. Various types of materials have been used as electrodes. Nevertheless, there is still room to improve electrode materials and enhance their effect on the performance of SMFCs. In this work, performances of SMFCs with activated carbon fiber felt (ACFF) and with nitric acid‐treated ACFF were compared with graphite felt (GF) materials. RESULTS: The maximum power density of the SMFC with ACFF electrode was the highest (33.5 ± 1.5 mW m −2 ). Nitric acid‐treated GF electrode slightly increased the maximum power density of SMFC, while the nitric acid treated‐ACFF resulted in significant decline in the maximum power density of SMFC. The maximum power density further increased to 74.5 ± 7.5 mW m −2 in SMFC using GF cathode and ACFF anode. CONCLUSIONS: ACFF as anode can enhance the transport of electrons from the oxidation of organic matter in the sediment, while the output power was found to reduce in SMFC with ACFF cathode. Further efforts are needed to study the formation conditions of the biocathode and new electrode modification technology. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Yu-Hsuan Hung, Tzu-Yin Liu, Han-Yi Chen

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2019

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), an unique type of fuel cell, have deeply attracted scientists’ attention as new sustainable energy devises in the past several years. They can transform chemical energy into bioelectricity by utilizing active microorganisms as biocatalyst in the anode compartment. Carbon materials including carbon paper, graphite plates, carbon cloth, and carbon nanotubes are the most commonly used electrodes because of their high surface area, good electric conductivity, and well biocompatibility. In this study, biowaste-derived activated carbon was fabricated with different activating agent ratios and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The MFCs with biowaste derived activated carbon electrodes exhibited well cell performance with a power density more than 1600 mW/cm 2 . It demonstrates that the biowaste-derived activated carbon is a promising MFC electrode for sustainable bioelectricity generation. Keywords: Microbial fuel cells, biowaste derived activated carbon, nitrogen-doped carbon

Irdawati, Shintia Hendriany

Jurnal Biogenerasi • 2025

The increasing global energy demand and the negative impact of the use of fossil energy on the environment encourage the use of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources, one of which is through Microbial Fuel Cell technology. This study aims to measure or analyze bioelectrical production by utilizing a consortium of thermophilic bacterial bicultures (SSA 14 and SSA 16) in an MFC system arranged in a series circuit configuration. The research method was carried out experimentally in the laboratory using a dual-chamber reactor arranged in a series of two and three series, with voltage measurements carried out every 2 hours for 24 hours. The results showed that the series three series produced a higher average voltage (0.823 V) than the series two series (0.744 V). This study indicates that the addition of the number of fermenter units in the series series significantly increases the electrical voltage produced.

You-xian Gao, Ping Yang

E3S Web of Conferences • 2019

Aerobic granular sludge(AGS) is a special biofilm formed by the self-aggregation of sludge material. In this study, AGS was cultivated in the biocathode of a continuous flow microbial fuel cell (MFC). During the formation of AGS, changes in sludge concentration, extracellular polymers (EPS), pollutants removal and power generation were examined. The results showed that, MLVSS kept above 5 g/L, the PS, PN and PN/PS of TB-EPS showed a gradually increasing trend, the removal efficiency of COD and ammonia nitrogen was 94.46% and 93.03%, respectively. A maximum voltage output of 350 mV was achieved.

Yifeng Zhang, Irini Angelidaki

Biotechnology and Bioengineering • 2011

Abstract A sensor, based on a submersible microbial fuel cell (SUMFC), was developed for in situ monitoring of microbial activity and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in groundwater. Presence or absence of a biofilm on the anode was a decisive factor for the applicability of the sensor. Fresh anode was required for application of the sensor for microbial activity measurement, while biofilm‐colonized anode was needed for utilizing the sensor for BOD content measurement. The current density of SUMFC sensor equipped with a biofilm‐colonized anode showed linear relationship with BOD content, to up to 250 mg/L (∼233 ± 1 mA/m 2 ), with a response time of <0.67 h. This sensor could, however, not measure microbial activity, as indicated by the indifferent current produced at varying active microorganisms concentration, which was expressed as microbial adenosine‐triphosphate (ATP) concentration. On the contrary, the current density (0.6 ± 0.1 to 12.4 ± 0.1 mA/m 2 ) of the SUMFC sensor equipped with a fresh anode showed linear relationship, with active microorganism concentrations from 0 to 6.52 nmol‐ATP/L, while no correlation between the current and BOD was observed. It was found that temperature, pH, conductivity, and inorganic solid content were significantly affecting the sensitivity of the sensor. Lastly, the sensor was tested with real contaminated groundwater, where the microbial activity and BOD content could be detected in <3.1 h. The microbial activity and BOD concentration measured by SUMFC sensor fitted well with the one measured by the standard methods, with deviations ranging from 15% to 22% and 6% to 16%, respectively. The SUMFC sensor provides a new way for in situ and quantitative monitoring contaminants content and biological activity during bioremediation process in variety of anoxic aquifers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2339–2347. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Aashray Narla, Dhruv Upadhyaya, Sivakumar Amaravati et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2016

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a hybrid bioelectrochemical system, which converts biosubstrates directly into electricity by effectively oxidizing those using bacteria under ambient temperature/pressure condition. The potential, developed between the bacterial metabolic activity and electron acceptor, was separated by a membrane (Perfluro sulphonic acid membrane in this case) manifesting bioelectricity generation. The achievable power output from MFCs can be tuned by modifying the system design, such as optimization of the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) structure, cell operating conditions, and the choice of biocatalyst. MFC’s are good candidates for implantable applications. The advantages for implantable application are biocompatibility and natural, safe and light, amenability to sterilization, continuous power output, minimal invasiveness, long life cycle, easy to integrate electronics. Selection of the anode-cathode electrodes materials and structure is one of the critical challenges of MFC and more so for the implantable application. These can affect the power density and Coulombic efficiency. The electrochemical characteristics of MFC are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization profiles. Carbon and blends with graphene are used for developing the electrode diffusion structure. The anode is filled with bacteria which is E.Coli where luria bertani medium is used to grow the bacteria. The cathode is coated with manganese dioxide. The achievable cell potential is around 0.7-0.8V. For implantable application a power density of, in vitro > 10 μW / cm² and in vivo > 5 μW / cm² is targeted. Complete characterisation and optimisation parameters of the cell will be presented.

Ryan Yow Zhong Yeo, Wei Lun Ang, Mimi Hani Abu Bakar et al.

Fuel Cells • 2024

ABSTRACT Using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as biosensors ensures a sustainable method for water quality detection. However, the research on MFC‐based biosensors with a tubular setup is still scarce. In this study, a tubular multi‐array MFC‐based biosensor setup with air‐cathodes was assembled under the membrane electrode assembly configuration. Three different materials, including carbon black (CB), Pt/C (PtC), and polyaniline (PANI), were synthesized and coated on the membrane‐facing side of the air‐cathode to demonstrate the effects of modified air‐cathodes on the overall performance of the MFC‐biosensors. Unmodified carbon cloths were used as anodes. Three days of startup period were required by the biosensors before producing an electrical signal output. The highest current density was obtained by the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/CB/PtC (0.31 A m −2 ) sample followed by PTFE/CB/PANI (0.09 A m −2 ), and lastly PTFE/CB (0.05 A m −2 ). The control (PTFE only) sample did not generate any noticeable electrical signal. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the incorporation of PtC on the PTFE/CB sample lowered the charge transfer resistance ( R ct ), whereas the addition of PANI increased the R ct . Despite the differences in R ct values, both PTFE/CB/PtC and PTFE/CB/PANI samples demonstrated a better current density production than the PTFE/CB sample. Thus, modified air‐cathodes further elevated the biosensor's performance.

Verjesh Kumar Magotra, T.W. Kang, S.J. Lee et al.

• 2020

Abstract Background: This paper provides an overview of the present advances in renewable and sustainable energy resources used for new energy demand in the world. Aiming to address, Urea, Urine resources are abundant like urea-containing wastewater, industrial urea, wastewater treatment plants, becoming an attractive option as anodic fuel for the application in urea fuel cells. And as a hydrogen-rich chemical fuel, urea can also be hydrolysis and electrolyzed to produce hydrogen for energy storage in the near future. Results: We report a novel, urea-hydrogen based compost soil microbial fuel cell (UH-CSMFC). As compost soil is a rich source of bacteria, enzymes, and organic matter, soil provided the necessary ingredients for the operation of the device. While bacteria and enzymes that hydrolysed by urea powered by the fuel cell. The compost soil was also found to exhibit partial electrocatalytic activity itself. This novel UH-CSMFC shows power density of 18.26 mW/m 2 . For continuous operation of the device, and cleaning of the excess of nitrogen compounds from urea fuel (urine, containing different wastewater energy resources). Conclusion: The constant state is the most desirable, where the device behaviour is entirely irreversibly, which helps to feed the device. Thus, the results of electrochemical studies show that the system is suitable for cleaning, hydrogen, power generation by consuming urea as fuel. This multifunctional device is sustainable, cheap, and eco-friendly for the environment.