Khoder Bachour, Majdeddin Ali, Ied Alabboud

Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences • 2020

This paper introduce a new way to simulate the effect of changing the length and the band gap of the nanotube on the current of carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFET( by using simulation tools: FETToy, CNTFET lab, CNT bands 2.0, since this simulation were done in different parameters of ZigZag nanotube. We use three simulations tools because each tool provides simulation of parameters that differ from the parameters of other tools, so we can study more parameters that we change which this article is studied.
 In this paper we studied the effect of changing of ZigZag nanotube length which has a chirality (n,0) on the current of the CNTFET. We have found that the relationship between nanotube length and the current of the CNTFET is an inverse proportional, as the nanotube length increase, the current of CNTFET decrease, and the relation between the band gap of the ZigZag nanotube and current of the CNTFET has been studied too. We have found that this relationship is an inverse proportional, as the band gap increase, the current of CNTFET decrease. Also, we studied the relation between the band gap of the ZigZag nanotube and the average velocity of charges in CNTFET, we found that relationship is an inverse proportional, as the band gap increase, the average velocity of charges of CNTFET decrease.

Zhengkai An, Qing Feng, Rusong Zhao et al.

Processes • 2020

Anaerobic bioelectrochemical digestion (ABD) is widely used for treating wastewater and recovering energy. The electrode is the key point for ABD system, which was sparsely studied with food waste. In this study, a carbon-modified copper foam was fabricated with copper foam and multiple wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) through electrophoretic deposition and screen-printing methods. The carbon-modified copper foam electrode was investigated in an ABD reactor for food waste. The features of bioelectrochemical methane production, process stability, and electrochemical characterization were evaluated in the ABD reactor, and were compared to the control reactor without equipping electrode. The ultimate methane production reached 338.1 mL CH4/L in the ABD reactor, which was significantly higher than the 181.0 mL CH4/L of the control reactor. The methane produced from the electrode was 137.8 mL CH4/L, which was up to 40.8% of total methane production in the ABD reactor. It was attributed to the electroactive bacteria that were enriched and activated by the carbon-modified copper foam electrode, further activating the direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) pathways for methane production. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis showed higher redox peaks, which is one of the pieces of evidence for the enrichment of electroactive bacteria. The carbon-modified copper foam electrode has the advantages of both carbon and metal materials, and demonstrated a high possibility for use in bioelectrochemical methane production for food waste.

Meng-Yin Wu, Juan Zhao, Feng Xu et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2016

Deformable field-effect transistors (FETs) are expected to facilitate new technologies like stretchable displays, conformal devices, and electronic skins. Thin film percolating networks of electronic-type controlled semiconducting carbon nanotubes are highly intriguing options for the active channel of stretchable FETs due to the excellent mechanical resilience of individual nanotubes, their possibility to accommodate large strain in thin film form via nanotube–nanotube sliding and buckling, and their exceptional charge transport properties. We demonstrate stretchable FETs based on buckled thin films of polyfluorene-wrapped semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes as the channel, buckled metal films as electrodes, and unbuckled flexible ion gel films as the dielectric.[1] The buckled thin film morphology is induced by depositing the nanotubes onto a pre-strained polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate and then releasing it, greatly improving the device stretchability. The FETs are stretchable up to 50% without appreciable degradation in performance before failure of the ion gel film. We furthermore show that by buckling the ion gel, the integrity and performance of the nanotube FETs are extended to nearly 90% elongation, limited by the stretchability of the elastomer substrate.[2] The FETs maintain an on/off ratio of >10 4 and a field-effect mobility of 5 cm 2 V −1 s −1 under elongation and demonstrate invariant performance over 1000 stretching cycles. [1] Xu F , Wu M-Y , Safron NS , Singha Roy S , Jacobberger RM , Bindl DJ , Seo J-H, Chang T-H, Ma Z, Arnold MS, Highly Stretchable Carbon Nanotube Transistors with Ion Gel Gate Dielectrics, NANO LETTERS, 4 (2), pp 682–686 (2014). [2] Wu M-Y , Zhao J , Xu F , Chang T-H, Jacobberger RM , Ma Z, Arnold MS, Highly Stretchable Carbon Nanotube Transistors Enabled by Buckled Ion Gel Gate Dielectrics, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 107, 053301 (2015).

Elisa Y.M. Ang, Teng Yong Ng, Jingjie Yeo et al.

Journal of Membrane Science • 2019

Unknown Author

International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) • 2016

Tom Grace, LePing Yu, Christopher Gibson et al.

Nanomaterials • 2016

Suspensions of single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were generated in the same solvent at similar concentrations. Films were fabricated from these suspensions and used in carbon nanotube/silicon heterojunction solar cells and their properties were compared with reference to the number of walls in the nanotube samples. It was found that single-walled nanotubes generally produced more favorable results; however, the double and multi-walled nanotube films used in this study yielded cells with higher open circuit voltages. It was also determined that post fabrication treatments applied to the nanotube films have a lesser effect on multi-walled nanotubes than on the other two types.

Ahmed Abdulabbas, Zainab Bhaa, Abdulkhaleq Kamal

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering • 2020

Abstract Batch experiments were accomplished to remove methylene blue as a cationic dye onto multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon Nano tube functional group (fMWCNTs). The results of predominant variables governing the efficiency of the manner which include, dye concentration, MWCNTs dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH have been studied. Experimental effects have shown that, the quantity of dye adsorption elevated with elevating CNTs dosage and stirring velocity. in addition to its far lower with decreasing of the initial concentration of the dye. The dye elimination using 400 mg /L of MWCNTs changed into extra than 98%. The dosage (400 mg /L) is the optimum dosage of functionalized CNTs (fMWCNTs). to remove of methylene blue with removal more than 98%. The adsorption kinetic information was analysed the use of pseudo-2nd-order models. It has become determined that the pseudo-2d-order kinetic version became the most suitable version, describing the adsorption kinetics. Adsorption isotherm onto the (fMWCNTs) has become determined with 40 mg /L as methylene blue concentration. Equilibrium time turned into 80 min. Equilibrium statistics had been suited for the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and isotherm constants have been determined.

Jun Su, Cai Hong Li

Advanced Materials Research • 2016

This paper studies how the addition and various content of Carbon nanotube (CNT) affecting the properties, especially the color difference of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM)/ CaCO 3 composites. The results show that the increased content of CNT can turn EPDM/CaCO 3 composites from lighter, greener, and bluer to darker, redder and yellower, respectively. The total color change (ΔE) of EPDM/CaCO 3 composites is acceptable, when the content of CNT is less than 2wt%. The optimum tensile strength of EPDM composites can be gained, when the content of CNT is 3%.

Antoine Duhain, Jérôme Guillot, Guillaume Lamblin et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2020

In present days, the continuous miniaturization of electronic devices comes along with a problematic reduction of their life-time. This is due to the underlying current density being operated increasingly close to the maximum current-carrying capacity (ampacity) of the materials (copper, gold...) used in the conduction channels of micro-circuitry. In this respect, there is a growing attention for new materials with higher ampacity, and copper-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites could constitute a promising alternative. The interest of such copper-carbon composites relies on the combination of the complementary properties of both materials: the high conductivity of copper and the high ampacity of CNT. However, the fabrication of an efficient Cu-CNT composite still remains a huge challenge and, up to now, the metal filling of a CNT hydrophobic matrix using electrochemical methods systematically requires an organic solvent based solution, which is not industrially and ecologically friendly. This constitutes an important drawback of those types of fabrication paths. A new promising way to fabricate such a composite by electrochemistry is shown in our work (see figure 1). It is based on a copper doped polycatecholamine coating of CNT. The coated CNT are deposited to form a matrix and the interstices between CNT are then filled with metallic copper by using an electrochemical step in aqueous solution. In this context, it is relevant to study how the coating impacts the CNT surface conductivity. In this respect, we characterize the CNT coating resistance before and after thermal annealing using C-AFM. Combined SEM and STEM images show the apparition of well dispersed nanoparticles on the CNT surface after thermal annealing. The change of nuclei density and their size distribution is also characterized in function of the annealing temperature. Finally, we use XPS and DSC to show that annealing of copper doped polycatecholamine coated CNT is, in fact, able to promote the reduction of Cu(II) into Cu(I) and Cu(0). Figure 1

Dongyeeb Shin, Yongmin Ko, Jinhan Cho

RSC Advances • 2015

We report supercapacitor electrodes with high volumetric capacitance and remarkable operational stability using a ligand exchange layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of high-energy multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) hybrids and conductive MWCNTs.

Husein Rokadia, Matthew Gordon, Steve Tung

IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine • 2016

Kazuto Tanaka, Takanobu Nishikawa, Kazuhiro Aoto et al.

Journal of Composites Science • 2019

In recent years, carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTP) are expected to be used as lightweight structural materials for mass-produced vehicles. CFRTP with thermoplastics as matrix allows us to weld them using melting of matrix by heating. We have been developing a direct resistance heating method, which uses carbon fibres as the resistance heating element. Carbon nanotube (CNT) is expected to be used as additive to FRP and we reported that the fibre/matrix interfacial shear strength was improved by grafting CNT on the surface of carbon fibres and tensile lap-shear strength was improved by using CNT grafted carbon fibre as the heating element for welding. For the practical use of CFRTP for structural parts, flexural strength is also necessary to be evaluated. In this study, flexural test was carried out to clarify the effect of CNT deposition time to the surface of carbon fibres on flexural strength of resistance welded CFRTP using CNT grafted carbon fibre as the heating element. The highest flexural strength was obtained when CNT10, for which CNT is grafted on the carbon fibres for deposition time of 10 min, was used for the heating element of resistance welding. In the case of CNT deposition time of 60 min, the lowest flexural strength was obtained because of the poor impregnation of the resin into the carbon fibre due to the excess CNT on the carbon fibres.

Lin Cao, Shuling Deng, Zhidan Lin

Polymers • 2016

Carbon nanomaterial particles were selectively distributed in an incompatible and high-melting-temperature polymer blend interface, or in a particular phase, to obtain conductive composites. The composite products revealed poor morphology stability and mechanical performance due to processing several times. Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) and poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) polymers with large differences of processing temperatures were selected as blend components to obtain a compatible blend. PPS/PEEK/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) ternary nanocomposites were prepared using a controlled melt blending process. The composite samples with similar sausage-like structures of PEEK, as a dispersed phase, promote MWCNT to maximize concentration distribution in the PPS continuous phase. As a result, the theoretical percolation threshold of the composite reduced to 0.347 wt %. Moreover, the conductivity of the composite remained stable even after processing several times. CNTs revealed a particular effect when distributed selectively in this kind of system: it can enhance the dispersion of phases and also provide conductivity to the blend at small CNT contents, which can provide more useful ideas for the development of high-melting-temperature and antistatic or conductive plastic materials.

Desi Heltina

Journal of Energy, Mechanical, Material, and Manufacturing Engineering • 2017

Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a material widely chosen for object of research in nano technology. Apart from its good absorbent property, CNT also has a unique structure, superior mechanic and electric properties and its high strength. The property of CNT above is to be expected to improve performance of Titania nanotube (TiNT) composite. Properties of pure CNT are hydrophobic at the surface and low dispersion stability. To improve dispersability of CNT then modification need to be modified. Adding Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant on CNT is a way to increase dispersion stability of TiNT-CNT. The objective of the research was to study influence of adding of Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant to synthesis of TiNT-CNT composite in degrading phenol compound. Pure CNT was added with CTAB surfactant in liquid, then was sonificated and dried. Surfactant Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) added CNT then composited with TiNT. Phenol degradation then tested by using TiNT-CNT (CTAB) in reactor for 4.5 hours. Then sample was characterized by employing Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and UV-vis Spectroscopy. The result of experiments from FESEM characterization showed forming of TiNT-CNT composites morphology. From X–ray Diffraction (XRD) characterization showed crystal formed on TiNT-CNT only of anatase crystal. Degradation of TiNT-NT composite (CTAB) to phenol was also studied.

B. R. Tiwari, M. M. Ghangrekar

Journal of Clean Energy Technologies • 2018

Hao Ren, He Tian, Cameron L. Gardner et al.

Nanoscale • 2015

We report a miniaturized microbial fuel cell, integrated with a 3D free-standing graphene scaffold, delivering a record high power density of 11 220 W m −3 .

Samsudeen Naina Mohamed, Nikhil Thomas, J. Tamilmani et al.

Fuel • 2020

Guoquan Zhang, Yufei Zhou, Fenglin Yang

Electrochimica Acta • 2019

Kun Cao

International Journal of Electrochemical Science • 2017

G. Massaglia, M. Gerosa, V. Agostino et al.

Fuel Cells • 2017

Abstract The present work investigates the fluid dynamic distribution in two different geometries of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs), a squared shape MFC and a drop‐like one, and explores their use as possible biosensors. For both architectures, air‐cathode single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) with an inner volume of 12.5 mL have been developed. Simulations based on Navier‐Stokes equations were used to investigate the motion of fluid, i.e., the electrolyte, inside the MFCs. The aim was to define the effective exposed area for each introduced architecture, and to correlate this parameter to the variation of the device performances in terms of current densities, together with their response to the variation of sodium acetate concentration. For this purpose, the fluid dynamic simulations have been implemented using two different flow rate values, namely, 12.5 mL h −1 and 100 mL h −1 . The experimental amperometric response of drop‐like SCMFCs and squared shape SCMFCs, fabricated by 3D printing, have been correlated with the variation of sodium acetate concentration and the relative sensitivity analyzed. The optimized drop‐like SCMFC showed the better behavior, with an effective concentration of sodium acetate close to the nominal one and an improved sensitivity for high flow rates.

Yining Wu, Ling Wang, Min Jin et al.

Bioresource Technology • 2019

M. Mashkour, M. Rahimnejad, S.M. Pourali et al.

Progress in Natural Science: Materials International • 2017

Xiaoshuang Yang, Xiaoxiao Ma, Kai Wang et al.

Electrochimica Acta • 2016

Yusra Nadzirah Yusoff, Shuaiba Samad, Kee Shyuan Loh et al.

Jurnal Kejuruteraan • 2018

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) as nano sized filler to improve the properties of polymer electrolyte membrane was synthesized via the modified Hummers method. Hummers is the most common method used to synthesize GO. The GO is produced by exfoliation of graphite oxide under sonication method. Dispersion by sonication method shows mechanical disruption that breaks apart the graphite flakes which is then sterically stabilized in the base solution. The as-synthesized GO will be sulfonated using different precursors, namely (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), butane sultone (BS) and sulfanilic acid (SA). The structure and morphology of GO and sulfonated GO (SGO) were investigated in details by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of several functional groups such as hydroxyl, epoxy, carbonyl, carboxyl and sulfonic acid group. The obtained SEM and TEM images indicated, that the morphology of GO dispersion is folded, multilayered and crumpled with some wrinkles. The morphology of SGO showed a folded, thicker and overlap surface compared with GO sheets. Based on TEM image, the addition of sulfonic acid group into the GO network reveals the black spot on the sheets surface. This SGO will act as a potential base material for the application of solid acid catalyst, water purification as well as a composite in membrane fabrication.

Sudeep Popat

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2019

Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) represent a new class of electrochemical technologies in which one or more electrode reactions are catalyzed by microorganisms. The most common example of an MET is the microbial fuel cell (MFC). In MFCs, anode-respiring bacteria (ARB) catalyze the oxidation of simple organic molecules such as acetate, and respire to an anode, thus producing an electrical current. The electrons thus respired move through an external circuit to the cathode, where oxygen is reduced (non-biologically) to water. In this presentation, I will demonstrate through a decade of research I have been involved in how traditional interpretations of a typical fuel cell polarization curve do not apply to MFCs. For example, anodic polarization curves on ARB biofilms show that maximum current in produced with an overpotential of about 0.2 to 0.3 V. Any further increases in anode potential do not result in higher current densities, and the anodic polarization curve looks like it is dominated by a “mass transport limitation”; yet, no amount of higher substrate or buffer (to transport out the protons as a product of anode respiration) results in alleviation of this limitation. The limitation in current production is instead due to intracellular machinery in ARB that is optimized to respire to electron acceptors within a narrow range of redox potentials. On the other hand, cathode polarization curves show a large overpotential at low current densities, representative of “activation losses” as per standard fuel cell interpretations; yet these overpotentials, even for platinum-group metals when used in MFC cathodes, are larger than 0.5 V, which is unrealistic. The large cathodic overpotentials at low current densities are instead mass transport related losses that affect the cathode pH and thus the overall thermodynamics of the oxygen reduction reaction. Through a comprehensive understanding of the differences in overpotentials in MFCs in relation of typical fuel cell overpotentials, we can now begin to apply methods through which these could be overcome to design systems that would perform well as they are scaled up.

Unknown Author

Rasayan Journal of Chemistry • 2017

Carlo Santoro, Mounika Kodali, Sadia Kabir et al.

Journal of Power Sources • 2017

A. Divya Priya, Sharon Deva, P. Shalini et al.

Renewable Energy • 2020

Fei Yu, Chengxian Wang, Jie Ma

Electrochimica Acta • 2017

M.V. Kannan, G. Gnana kumar

Biosensors and Bioelectronics • 2016

Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are considered as the futuristic energy device that generates electricity from the catalytic degradation of biodegradable organic wastes using microbes, which exist in waste water. In MFCs, oxygen serves as a cathodic electron acceptor and oxygen reduction kinetics played a significant role in the determination of overall efficiency. A wide range of strategies have been developed for the preparation and substantial modification of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts to improve the maximum volumetric power density of MFCs, in which the efforts on graphene based ORR catalysts are highly imperative. Although numerous research endeavors have been achieved in relation with the graphene based ORR catalysts applicable for MFCs, still their collective summary has not been developed, which hinders the acquirement of adequate knowledge on tuning the specific properties of said catalysts. The intension of this review is to outline the significant role of ORR catalysts, factors influencing the ORR activity, strategies behind the modifications of ORR catalysts and update the research efforts devoted on graphene based ORR catalysts. This review can be considered as a pertinent guide to understand the design and developmental strategies of competent graphene based ORR catalysts, which are not only applicable for MFCs but also for number of electrochemical applications.

Bustami Ibrahim, Uju, Agus Muhamad Soleh

Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia • 2020

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) merupakan suatu teknologi yang memanfaatkan mikroba untuk mendegradasi bahan organik dan anorganik menjadi energi listrik, dapat dilakukan menggunakan sistem satu bejana atau dua bejana. Sistem MFC dua bejana menggunakan membran penukar proton yang berfungsi untuk mengalirkan proton yang dihasilkan dari ruang anoda ke ruang katoda, salah satu alternatif membran yang digunakan yaitu komposit kitosan-karagenan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan perbandingan komposit kitosan-karagenan sebagai membran penukar proton pada MFC, menentukan kinerja MFC dalam menghasilkan elektrisitas, serta menentukan kinerja penurunan beban polutan limbah cair pada MFC. Nilai elektrisitas MFC diukur menggunakan multimeter dengan parameter yang diuji adalah tegangan listrik, serta arus listrik. Parameter uji yang digunakan untuk mengukur penurunan beban polutan limbah cair adalah chemical oxygen demand (COD), biologycal oxygen demand (BOD) dan total amonia nitrogen (TAN). Membran komposit kitosan-karagenan dibuat dengan perlakuan perbedaan komposisi kitosan dan karagenan 1:1; 1,5:1; 3:1 (v/v). Perbedaan rasio kitosan dan karagenan pada membran komposit kitosan-karagenan memberikan pengaruh terhadap sifat mekanik membran, nilai elektrisitas MFC, serta beban polutan cair pada MFC. Membran komposit kitosan-karagenan dengan perbandingan 1:1 menghasilkan nilai konduktivitas proton tertinggi sebesar 1,15x10-3 S/cm, kuat tarik tertinggi 7,047 MPa, tegangan listrik 0,97 V, arus 7,02 mA, serta daya listrik 6,84 mW. Nilai COD, BOD, serta TAN limbah cair pemindangan ikan mengalami penurunan sebesar 90%, 76% dan 32%.

J.C. Carrillo-Rodríguez, S. García-Mayagoitia, R. Pérez-Hernández et al.

ECS Transactions • 2017

S. Sadegh Hassani, M.R. Ganjali, L. Samiee et al.

International Journal of Electrochemical Science • 2018

Fei Yu, Chengxian Wang, Jie Ma

Materials • 2016

Graphene-modified materials have captured increasing attention for energy applications due to their superior physical and chemical properties, which can significantly enhance the electricity generation performance of microbial fuel cells (MFC). In this review, several typical synthesis methods of graphene-modified electrodes, such as graphite oxide reduction methods, self-assembly methods, and chemical vapor deposition, are summarized. According to the different functions of the graphene-modified materials in the MFC anode and cathode chambers, a series of design concepts for MFC electrodes are assembled, e.g., enhancing the biocompatibility and improving the extracellular electron transfer efficiency for anode electrodes and increasing the active sites and strengthening the reduction pathway for cathode electrodes. In spite of the challenges of MFC electrodes, graphene-modified electrodes are promising for MFC development to address the reduction in efficiency brought about by organic waste by converting it into electrical energy.

Kien Ben Liew, Jun Xing Leong, Wan Ramli Wan Daud et al.

Journal of Power Sources • 2020

Priya Sharma, Srikanth Mutnuri

Water Science and Technology • 2019

Abstract Presence of urine in municipal wastewater is a major problem faced by wastewater treatment plants. The adverse effects are noticeable as crystallization in equipment and pipelines due to high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, improved technologies are required that can treat urine separately at the source of their origin and then discharge it in the main wastewater stream. In this study, the performance of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) was evaluated with mixed consortia and isolated pure cultures (Firmicutes and Proteobacter species) from biofilm for electricity generation and nutrient recovery. Microbes utilize less than 10% of total phosphorus for their growth, while 90% is recovered as struvite. The amount of struvite recovered was similar for pure and mixed culture (12 ± 5 g/L). The microbial characterization also shows that not all the biofilm-forming bacterial isolates are very much efficient in power generation and, hence, they can be further exploited to study their individual role in operating MFC. The different organic loading rates experiment shows that the performance of MFC in terms of power generation is the same for undiluted and five times diluted urine while the recovery of nutrients is better with undiluted urine, implying its direct use of urine in operating fuel cell.

Lin Fu, Haoqi Wang, Qiong Huang et al.

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering • 2019

Vaidehi Chandorkar, Aboli Chimurkar, Ashok Gomashe

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal • 2019

The voltage generation from metabolic reactions of bacteria due to exudates in rhizosphere of rice crop was demonstrated by Azatobacter species and natural soil microbial flora using microbial fuel cell. It was observed that voltage generated by microbial fuel cells increased from 0.5 V to 98.0 V till 60th day of the crop for one square feet area of rice field in laboratory conditions and on 90th day of the crop voltage was 1V maintained during day time. The range of increase in voltage was dependent on the intensity of sunlight. It was estimated that if one square feet of rice plantation can produce 1V after 90th day by this method, then in case of one acre of plantation 43560 V could be generated on the 90th day of the crop on each successive day. That might produce rice and enough voltage in an eco-friendly manner.

Vaidhegi Kugarajah, Moogambigai Sugumar, Sangeetha Dharmalingam

Enzyme and Microbial Technology • 2020

Feng Deng, Jian Sun, Yongyou Hu et al.

RSC Advances • 2016

Effect of microbial reduction of graphene oxide on evolution and viability of biofilm during preparation of graphene/exoelectrogen biofilm anode in microbial fuel cell (MFC) were studied by sampling the biofilm at different stages of MFC operation.