Peng Song, Yajun Huang, Jingru Li et al.

Food Chemistry X • 2024

Food processing transforms raw materials into different food forms using physical or chemical techniques. Recently, carbohydrates have gained attention for their diverse biological activities like antioxidant, anticancer, and antimutagenic effects. Selecting suitable processing methods is crucial to preserve the beneficial properties of carbohydrates. This review discusses the impact of non-thermal and thermal processing on the physicochemical and biological traits of carbohydrates, highlighting the need for understanding the mechanisms underlying these changes. Future research will focus on enhancing and safeguarding the biological and functional aspects of carbohydrates through improved processing techniques. The goal is to optimize methods that maintain the beneficial properties of carbohydrates, maximizing their health benefits for consumers.

Marta A. Teixeira, Aureliano Fertuzinhos, David S. Freitas et al.

Polymer • 2023

The purpose of this research was to analyze the morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based electrospun mats reinforced with cellulose acetate (CA) or cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) for potential applications in wound dressings. Bead-free and water-stable electrospun nanofibers made of blends of PVA and CA or CNC were successfully produced and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapor. Crosslinking slightly increased the nanofibers' diameters in order of 43 and 13% for 80/20 PVA/CA and PVA/CNC electrospun mats, respectively, while maintaining their bead-free morphology. Thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) evaluations were employed to determine the miscibility and the thermal response of the uncrosslinked and crosslinked mats, reporting a reduction in mass loss upon addition of CA and CNC and upon crosslinking process. Polymers' powder and mats (before and after crosslinking) crystallinity was assessed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Crosslinked mats experienced a slight reduction in crystallinity compared to the uncrosslinked. Static and dynamic tensile strength tests revealed that CA and CNC doped mats enhanced the Young's modulus and lowered deformation at failure compared to pristine PVA electrospun mats. Data from storage modulus (E′) demonstrated the strength of the physical interactions formed between PVA and the cellulosic derivatives (either before and after crosslinking), highlighting the stiffness of CA (231.58 MPa for the 80/20 mat) and, particularly, CNC (742.04 MPa for the 80/20 mat). This research uncovered important information concerning the chemical and physical relation between polymeric matrices and additives, essential for the proper selection of materials for wound dressings production.

Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad, Tingkai Zhao et al.

Journal of Composites Science • 2023

Research on polymer nanocomposite nanofibers has seen remarkable growth over the past several years. One of the main driving forces for this progress is the increasing applicability of polymer nanocomposite nanofibers for technological applications. This review basically aims to present the current state of manufacturing polymer/graphene nanofiber nanocomposites, using appropriate techniques. Consequently, various conducting and thermoplastic polymers have been processed with graphene nano-reinforcement to fabricate the nanocomposite nanofibers. Moreover, numerous methods have been adopted for the fabrication of polymer/graphene nanocomposites and nanofibers including interfacial polymerization, phase separation, freeze drying, template synthesis, drawing techniques, etc. For the formation of polymer/graphene nanocomposite nanofibers, electrospinning can be preferable due to various advantages such as the need for simple equipment, control over morphology, and superior properties of the obtained material. The techniques such as solution processing, melt spinning, and spin coating have also been used to manufacture nanofibers. Here, the choice of manufacturing techniques and parameters affects the final nanofiber morphology, texture, and properties. The manufactured nanocomposite nanofibers have been examined for exceptional structural, microstructure, thermal, and other physical properties. Moreover, the properties of polymer/graphene nanofiber rely on the graphene content, dispersion, and matrix–nanofiller interactions. The potential of polymer/graphene nanocomposite nanofibers has been investigated for radiation shielding, supercapacitors, membranes, and the biomedical field. Hence, this review explains the literature-driven significance of incorporating graphene in polymeric nanofibers. Conclusively, most of the studies focused on the electrospinning technique to design polymer/graphene nanofibers. Future research in this field may lead to advanced innovations in the design and technical applications of nanocomposite nanofibers. To the best of our knowledge, research reports are available on this topic; however, the stated literature is not in a compiled and updated form. Therefore, field researchers may encounter challenges in achieving future advancements in the area of graphene-based nanocomposite nanofibers without first consulting the recent literature, such as an assembled review, to gain necessary insights, etc. Consequently, this state-of-the-art review explores the manufacturing, properties, and potential of polymer/graphene nanocomposite nanofibers.

Slađana Strmečki, Irena Ciglenečki, Marija Gligora Udovič et al.

Croatica Chemica Acta • 2018

The increased amount of organic matter (OM) accompanied with the development of hypoxia/anoxia and appearance of the sulphur species are indicators of eutrophication in natural waters. To predict biogeochemical and ecological changes, specific OM components in the Lake Brljan (the karst Krka River, Croatia; station B and station B2 downstream) were studied during 2011 and in January 2012 using voltammetry. Surface-active substances (eq. 0.018 to 0.150 mg dm -3 Triton-X-100) and Cu complexing capacity (54-680 nmol dm -3 ) showed the highest values in surface water layer in May 2011 (B) and in November 2011 (B2), associated with the highest dissolved (0.505-1.530 mg C dm -3 ) and particulate (0.051-0.725 mg C dm -3 ) organic carbon and phytoplankton biomass. Autochthonously produced OM did not cause hypoxia/anoxia during the investigated period. Brljan's lake water could be characterised as oligotrophic with occasionally elevated OM concentration depending on season and Krka River water regime.

Peyman Mohammadzadeh Jahani, Maedeh Jafari, Sayed Ali Ahmadi

ADMET & DMPK • 2023

The zinc ferrite nano-particles (ZnFe 2 O 4 ) modified screen-printed graphite electrode (ZnFe 2 O 4 /SPGE) was used for the voltammetric determination of vitamin B 6 in real samples, using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). It has been found that the oxidation of vitamin B 6 at the surface of such an electrode occurs at a potential about 150 mV less positive compared to an unmodified screen-printed graphite electrode. After optimization, a vitamin B6 sensor with a linear range from 0.8 to 585.0 μM and a detection limit of 0.17 μM. The ZnFe 2 O 4 /SPGE sensor exhibits good resolution between the voltammetric peaks of vitamin B 6 and vitamin C, making it suitable for detecting vitamin B 6 in the presence of vitamin C in real samples.

Jassim Hosny Al Dalaeen, Yashfeen Khan, Anees Ahmad

Advances in Nanoparticles • 2021

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental problems such as energy crisis, global warming, and contamination from pathogenic micro-organisms are still prevailed and strongly demanded progress in high-performance energy storing and anti-microbial materials. The nanocomposites are materials that have earned large interest owing to their promising applications for countering global issues related to sustainable energy and a flourishing environment. Here, polypyrrole coated hybrid nanocomposites of multi-walled carbon nanotube and cadmium sulfide quantum dots named MCP were synthesized using facile and low-cost in-situ oxidative polymerization method. Characterization techniques confirmed the synthesis. Electrochemical studies showed that the nanocomposite 1-MCP showed an impressively higher super capacitance behavior in comparison to f-MWCNT, 7-MCP and 5-MCP. The improved performance of the nanocomposites was attributed mainly to the good conductivity of carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole, high surface area, and stability of the carbon nanotubes and the high electrocatalytic activity of the cadmium sulfide quantum dots. Owing to the synergistic effect of MWCNT, CdS, and PPy the synthesized ternary nanocomposite also inhibited the growth and multiplication of tested bacteria such as S. aureus, and E. coli completely within 24 h. On the whole, the assimilated nanocomposite MCP opens promising aspects for the development of upcoming energy storage devices and as an antibacterial agent.

Ganesh Pattan-Siddappa, Saheed E. Elugoke, Cem Erkmen et al.

Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials • 2025

Flexible electrochemical sensors are pioneering sensing technology by providing innovative, flexible, and user-friendly solutions to many kinds of everyday issues. These flexible sensors are essential for the next-generation uses in industry, health, and the environment because of their ability for integrating flexibility, mechanical strength, high conductivity, functionality, high sensitivity, adjustable shape, desired size, and cost-effectiveness. The importance of using flexible carbon cloth electrodes (CCE) as sensing interfaces for various analytes was thoroughly discussed in this review paper. This was followed by an overview of the electrochemical sensing concept and related technical terms. Furthermore, the composition and properties of CCE relevant to electrochemical sensing were thoroughly evaluated, as well as compared to other conventional carbonaceous working electrodes. Furthermore, by considering several types of analytes such as neurotransmitters, pharmaceuticals, food safety, and heavy metal detection, it was showed that modifications and different approaches were required to create an effective CCE-based sensing interface. Overall, in this review study, we critically examine and attempt to narrow the gap between the principles of electrochemical sensors and the importance of flexible CCE in next generation cutting-edge applications.

Ashish K. Sarangi, Lizaranee Tripathy, Azaj Ansari et al.

Polymers for Advanced Technologies • 2024

Abstract As metal ion inclusion has a substantial effect on conducting polymer's mechanical, optical, and electrical properties, it has attracted a lot of attention. This article delves into the complex role of metal ions in conducting polymers, explaining how they affect functionality, structural stability, and conductivity enhancement. The review starts with a synopsis of conducting polymers and doping processes before diving into the particular ways that metal ions interact with polymer matrices to alter their electronic structure and charge transport characteristics. The importance of characterization techniques in comprehending the structure–property correlations is highlighted in the discussion of metal‐ion doped conducting polymer studies. In addition, the paper looks at the uses of conducting polymers doped with metal ions in numerous sectors, including energy storage, electronics, and sensors. The difficulties in attaining accurate control over doping concentrations and guaranteeing stability over an extended period are discussed, as well as potential avenues for future development in this area. This review offers important insights into the development and optimization of functional materials for a variety of applications by thoroughly investigating the function of metal ions in conducting polymers.

Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad

Journal of Composites Science • 2023

Polymeric nanofibers have emerged as exclusive one-dimensional nanomaterials. Various polymeric nanofibers and nanocomposite nanofibers have been processed using the thermoplastic, conducting, and thermoset matrices. This review aims to highlight the worth of electrospinning technology for the processing of polymer/nanocarbon nanocomposite nanofibers. In this regard, the design, morphology, physical properties, and applications of the nanofibers were explored. The electrospun polymer/nanocarbon nanofibers have a large surface area and fine fiber orientation, alignment, and morphology. The fiber processing technique and parameters were found to affect the nanofiber morphology, diameter, and essential physical features such as electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, thermal stability, etc. The polymer nanocomposites with nanocarbon nanofillers (carbon nanotube, graphene, fullerene, etc.) were processed into high-performance nanofibers. Successively, the electrospun nanocomposite nanofibers were found to be useful for photovoltaics, supercapacitors, radiation shielding, and biomedical applications (tissue engineering, antimicrobials, etc.).

Zhishen Li, Xiaolei Gao, Dongtian Miao et al.

Water Quality Research Journal • 2021

Abstract High salinity wastewater is characterized by high salt content, a large number of organic pollutants and difficulty in biochemical degradation, which has become a major problem in industrial wastewater treatment. In this article, the electrochemical oxidation technology was used to treat high salinity wastewater. The effects of temperature, current density, pH and additives on the removal effect of high salinity wastewater were investigated to optimize the process parameters. The results show that the best degradation effect is when the current density is 21.43 mA cm−2, pH = 2, the temperature is 60 °C, and electric field activates additional persulfate. After purification of high salt wastewater, the evaporated salt can be utilized as a resource. The industrial cost of degradation was estimated, and its economic benefits were calculated. This work will provide a theoretical and experimental basis for treating high salt wastewater by boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrochemical degradation technology.

Muhammad Usman Sadiq, Afzal Shah, Jan Nisar et al.

Nanomaterials • 2023

Herein, we report an electrochemical scaffold consisting of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (COOH- f MWCNTs) and iron-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Fe-ZnO) for the detection of a hazardous textile dye safranin T (ST) and monitoring of its photocatalytic degradation. Prior to the detection and degradation analysis, Fe-ZnO NPs were synthesized by the sol-gel method and characterized by a number of structural and morphological techniques. The carboxyl moiety of COOH- f MWCNTs possessing a strong affinity for the amino functionality of ST led to significant enhancement of the current response at the designed electrochemical platform, whereas the electrocatalytic role, surface area enhancement, and the provision of binding sites of Fe-ZnO led to a further increase in the peak current intensity of ST. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the sensing scaffold made of the glassy carbon electrode modified with COOH- f MWCNTs and Fe-ZnO efficiently transfers charge between the transducer and the redox probe. Under optimized conditions, the developed sensor showed a 2.3 nM limit of detection for ST. Moreover, recovery experiments and anti-interference tests qualified the sensing platform for practical applications. The dye was photocatalytically degraded using Fe-ZnO NPs up to 99% in 60 min with a rate constant of 0.068 min -1 . The designed sensor was used to probe the degradation kinetics of the target dye, and the results were found consistent with the findings obtained from electronic absorption method. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first approach for the efficient detection and almost absolute degradation of ST.

Viktor Andonovic, Mimoza Kovaci Azemi, Beti Andonović et al.

Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - Enterprise Research Innovation Conference • 2022

The production and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become extremely wide within the last decade. Hence, the high interest in producing non-expensive and quality CNTs has motivated many research projects. This research considers the design and development of new technology for producing MWCNTs by electrolysis in molten salts using non-stationary and stationary current regimes. The electrolysis is simple, ecological, economical, and flexible, and it offers possibilities for accurate control of various parameters, such as applied voltage, current density, or temperature. We infer the underlying relationship between the parameters and the quality of the experimentally produced MWCNTs by using explainable tree-based Machine Learning (ML) models. We train several models in a supervised manner, whereas in model covariates, we use the parameters of the MCWNTs, and as a target variable, the quality of the produced MWCNT. Domain experts label all the experimental examples in our data set. Controlling these parameters enables high-yield production and, particularly important, obtaining MWCNTs, which are up to ten times cheaper than other existing technologies.

Yang Lv, Wenkai Teng, Yang Li et al.

AIChE Journal • 2024

Abstract Electrocatalytic nitrite reduction (e‐NO 2 − RR) offers an attractive strategy for industrial green ammonia synthesis. The understanding of electrochemical kinetics is the core to guarantee the efficient operation of e‐NO 2 − RR system. However, the application of the widely used Butler–Volmer equation should be restricted to the constraint of non‐mass transfer effects. In this work, an electrochemical macrokinetics equation for mass transfer restriction region was developed based on the traditional macrokinetics thought, which combined the Practical Butler–Volmer equation and Nernst‐Plank equation. The model validation was carried out by the combination of multiphysics‐field simulation, computational fluid dynamics simulation and experiments, and the results show that the average relative error between experiments and simulations is less than 2%. The results in this article contribute to an in‐depth understanding of the kinetics behavior for e‐NO 2 − RR and achieve the extension of electrochemical kinetics equation from non‐mass transfer restriction region to mass transfer restriction region.

Yasser Fakri Mustafa, Gholamabbas Chehardoli, Sepideh Habibzadeh et al.

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering • 2022

In various pharmaceutical and food industries, sulfite is utilized for the inhibition of nonenzymatic and enzymatic browning. Also, in brewing industries, it acts as an antioxidizing and antibacterial agent. Several toxic and adverse reactions, including vitamin deficiency, hypersensitivity, and allergic diseases, have been attributed to sulfite ingestion that may cause dysbiotic oral and gut microbiota events. Thus, the content of sulfite in foods must be controlled and monitored, and it is essential to find a specific, reproducible, and sensitive method to detect sulfite. Some analytical solutions are being tested to quantify sulfite. However, due to their advantage over traditional techniques, electroanalytical techniques are attracting much attention because they are simple, fast, affordable, and sensitive to implement. In addition, by the electrode modification, the morphology and size can be controlled, resulting in the miniaturization to be used in portable electrochemical devices. Therefore, the present review addressed some articles on the electrooxidation of sulfite from real samples using various electrochemical sensors.

Guru Prakash Nunna, Himagirish Kumar Siddarapu, Venkata Vijaya Jyothi Nimmagadda et al.

International Journal of Energy Research • 2023

Molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles (MoO3 NPs) are recognized for their applications in novel multifunctional devices. Here, a biogenic, environmentally friendly method using Lepidagathis cristata leaf extract was employed to synthesize MoO3 NPs. The as-obtained MoO3 NPs exhibited a predominant (0 k0) orientation, representing an α-MoO3 structure. The absorption band at 984 cm-1 observed in the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum corresponded to the terminal Mo = O bond, thereby confirming that the prepared MoO3 NPs were in the orthorhombic phase. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy data revealed that the MoO3 NPs were well crystallized and uniformly distributed with grain sizes in the 70-100 nm range. The biogenic MoO3 NPs demonstrated an excellent zone of inhibition against the selected Gram -ve and Gram +ve bacterial strains, thus providing an alternative to standard antibacterial agents. During electrochemical experiments conducted in a 1 M aqueous Na2SO4 solution, cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of the MoO3 NPs showed a pseudocapacitive nature, with a high discharge specific capacitance of 294 F/g and good cyclability. These results suggest the feasibility of the proposed biogenic, environmentally friendly method for preparing MoO3 NPs for application in multifunctional devices.

Galina Gayda, Olha Demkiv, Yanna Gurianov et al.

Biosensors • 2021

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are well-known artificial enzymes with peroxidase (PO)-like activity. PBAs have a high potential for applications in scientific investigations, industry, ecology and medicine. Being stable and both catalytically and electrochemically active, PBAs are promising in the construction of biosensors and biofuel cells. The "green" synthesis of PO-like PBAs using oxido-reductase flavocytochrome b 2 is described in this study. When immobilized on graphite electrodes (GEs), the obtained green-synthesized PBAs or hexacyanoferrates (gHCFs) of transition and noble metals produced amperometric signals in response to H 2 O 2 . HCFs of copper, iron, palladium and other metals were synthesized and characterized by structure, size, catalytic properties and electro-mediator activities. The gCuHCF, as the most effective PO mimetic with a flower-like micro/nano superstructure, was used as an H 2 O 2 -sensitive platform for the development of a glucose oxidase (GO)-based biosensor. The GO/gCuHCF/GE biosensor exhibited high sensitivity (710 A M -1 m -2 ), a broad linear range and good selectivity when tested on real samples of fruit juices. We propose that the gCuHCF and other gHCFs synthesized via enzymes may be used as artificial POs in amperometric oxidase-based (bio)sensors.

Ángel Hernández-Gómez, Diego Langarica‐Cordoba, Pánfilo R. Martínez-Rodríguez et al.

IEEE Access • 2023

The technological development and exploration of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell have relied on several mathematical models. However, despite the wide variety of models, the equivalent electronic circuit model is the most suitable for describing electrical behavior, designing electronic interfaces, and analyzing control and reliability strategies. In addition to the fact that this type of model is scarce to model the fuel cell voltage, an equivalent electronic circuit model that depends only on the input current has not been reported (in general, the reported mathematical models take into account additional variables such as humidity, temperature, pressure, etc.). For this reason, this work focuses on developing an equivalent electronic circuit model for the fuel cell voltage that depends only on the input current. Besides, the configuration of the proposed circuit (one voltage source, two capacitors, and three resistors) is simpler than the circuits proposed in previous works. To validate the model and its parameters, current tests from 1.2 kW Nexa® fuel cell power module were used. The comparison between the experimental data and the developed model confirms the efficiency of the equivalent electronic circuit model to reproduce the fuel cell voltage as a function of the current.

Zizhen Ma, Jingkun Jiang, Lei Duan et al.

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering • 2023

Abstract Heavy particulate matter (PM) pollution and high energy consumption are the bottlenecks of hydrometallurgy, especially in the electrolysis process. Therefore, an urgent need is to explore PM reduction methods with production performance co-benefits. This study presents three PM reduction methods based on controlling operating parameters, i.e., lowering electrolyte temperature, H 2 SO 4 concentration, and current density of the cathode. The optimized conditions were also investigated using the response surface methodology to balance the PM reduction effect and Zn production. The results showed that lowering electrolyte temperature is the most efficient, with an 89.0% reduction in the PM generation flux (GF PM ). Reducing H 2 SO 4 concentration led to the minimum side effects on the current efficiency of Zn deposition (CE Zn ) or power consumption (PC). With the premise of non-deteriorating CE Zn and PC, GF PM can be reduced by 86.3% at the optimal condition (electrolyte temperature = 295 K, H 2 SO 4 = 110 g/L, current density = 373 A/m 2 ). In addition, the reduction mechanism was elucidated by comprehensively analyzing bubble characteristics, electrochemical reactions, and surface tension. Results showed that lower electrolyte temperature inhibited the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and compressed gas volume. Lower H 2 SO 4 concentration inhibited the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and reduced electrolyte surface tension. Lower current density inhibited both OER and HER by decreasing the reaction current. The inhibited gas evolutions reduced the microbubbles’ number and size, thereby reducing GF PM . These results may provide energy-efficient PM reduction methods and theoretical hints of exploring cleaner PM reduction approaches for industrial electrolysis.

Vamsi Vikram Gande, Nishithan C. Kani, Ishita Goyal et al.

EES Catalysis • 2025

This review highlights emerging low-carbon methods for N 2 activation—biological, electrochemical, plasma, and thermochemical—enabled by advances in catalysis, modeling, and spectroscopy. These innovations support a circular nitrogen economy.

Abeer I. Alwared, Nada N. Abdulrazzaq, Baseem H. Al-Sabbagh

Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering • 2019

In this work, microbubble dispersed air flotation technique was applied for cadmium ions removal from wastewater aqueous solution. Experiments parameters such as pH (3, 4, 5, and 6), initial Cd(II) ions concentration (40, 80, and 120 mg/l) contact time( 2, 5, 10 , 15, and 20min), and surfactant (10, 20and 40mg/l) were studied in order to optimize the best conditions .The experimental results indicate that microbubbles were quite effective in removing cadmium ions and the anionic surfactant SDS was found to be more efficient than cationic CTAB in flotation process. 92.3% maximum removal efficiency achieved through 15min at pH 5, SDS surfactant concentration 20mg/l, flow rate250 cm3/min and at 40mg/l Cd(II) ions initial concentration. The removal efficiency of cadmium ion was predicted through 11 neurons hidden layer, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997 between ANN outputs and the experimental data and through sensitivity analysis, pH was found to be most significant parameter (25.13 %).The kinetic flotation order for cadmium ions almost first order and the removal rate constant (k) increases with decreasing the initial metal concentration.

R. Lavanya, T. Ramakrishnappa, K.M. Girish et al.

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering • 2024

The present study focuses on the green-mediated synthesis of pristine and Sm3+-doped ZnO nanoparticles using Syzygium cumini fruit extract. The prepared material was characterized by various characterization techniques. Photocatalytic degradation of a fast orange red (FOR) dye under UV light resulted in 88% degradation, with a minimal decrease (87.90%) observed even after five successive runs, indicating the stability and effectiveness of the catalyst. The enhancement in degradation efficiency is attributed to the incorporation of Sm3+ ions into the ZnO lattice. Utilizing the optimized Sm3+ (5 mol%)-doped ZnO nanoparticles, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were performed on the prepared electrode, demonstrating the excellent CV properties; this enhancement is attributed to the modification of ZnO’s redox chemistry and the alteration of charge transfer kinetics at the electrode-electrolyte interface due to the addition of Sm3+ into the ZnO structure. The antibacterial activity was performed against two pathogenic strains, i.e., Escherichia coli and Streptococcus aureus. The obtained results suggest that the prepared material holds great promise for catalytic, energy storage, antibacterial, and other multifunctional applications.

Kunal Kulkarni, Utkarsh Chadha, Shreya Yadav et al.

ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology • 2021

Abstract Bio-derived activated porous carbon is readily used because it exhibits high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, high stability, environment-friendly nature, and easy availability. All of these properties make it a unique and a perfect applicant for energy storage devices. Biowastes such as corncobs, walnut shells, human hair, jute, oil seeds, and bamboo are utilized as precursors in manufacturing porous carbon. The use of bio materials is preferred because of their abundance and biodegradable nature. The production of porous carbon was carried out through pyrolysis with the help of acid, primarily KOH, as the active substance. The ambient temperature for conducting pyrolysis is 400-800oC. Pyrolysis can be either fast or slow, with fast pyrolysis being helpful in most experiments. Food wastes like peels and shells are among the most significant biowaste sources alongside farm waste like rice husks, coconut shells, etc., which are not just waste and can be utilized for sustainable living. The porous carbon is formed from food waste from toxicity reducer in wastewater to for a supercapacitor or a bio anode in a microbial fuel cell. It is oneway sustainable development and is now highly economical. Moreover, in scientific aspects, their validity in a field and lowered expenses in some cases, the benefits of their usage may vary. This paper aims to extensively review all of the research conducted for Bio-waste utilization and its conversion to porous carbon for further use in super capacitance applications

A. Prado, R. Berenguer, Antonio Berná et al.

MethodsX • 2020

Adequate electrochemical characterization of electrode material/biofilms is crucial for a comprehensive understanding and comparative performance of bioelectrochemical systems (BES). However, their responses are greatly affected by the metabolic activity and growth of these living entities and/or the interference of electrode wiring that can act as an electroactive surface for growth or constitute a source of contamination by corrosion. This restricts the meaningful comparison of the performance of distinct electrode materials in BES. This work describes a methodology for simultaneous electrochemical control and measurement of the microbial response on different electrode materials under the same physicochemical and biological conditions. The method is based on the use of a single channel potentiostat and one counter and reference electrodes to simultaneously polarize several electrode materials in a sole bioelectrochemical cell. Furthermore, various strategies to minimize wiring corrosion are proposed. The proposed methodology, then, will enable a more rigorous characterization of microbial electrochemical responses for comparisons purposes. •Experimental Set-up allows to polarize several working electrodes at the same time.•Chronoamperometry can be performed simultaneously with a potentiostat.•The physicochemical and biological conditions in each working electrode will be exactly the same.

James J. A. Blair, Noel Vineyard, Dustin Mulvaney et al.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water • 2024

Abstract As a key ingredient of batteries for electric vehicles (EVs), lithium plays a significant role in climate change mitigation, but lithium has considerable impacts on water and society across its life cycle. Upstream extraction methods—including open‐pit mining, brine evaporation, and novel direct lithium extraction (DLE)—and downstream processes present different impacts on both the quantity and quality of water resources, leading to water depletion and contamination. Regarding upstream extraction, it is critical for a comprehensive assessment of lithium's life cycle to include cumulative impacts related not only to freshwater, but also mineralized or saline groundwater, also known as brine. Legal frameworks have obscured social and ecological impacts by treating brine as a mineral rather than water in regulation of lithium extraction through brine evaporation. Analysis of cumulative impacts across the lifespan of lithium reveals not only water impacts in conventional open‐pit mining and brine evaporation, but also significant freshwater needs for DLE technologies, as well as burdens on fenceline communities related to wastewater in processing, chemical contaminants in battery manufacturing, water use for cooling in energy storage, and water quality hazards in recycling. Water analysis in lithium life cycle assessments (LCAs) tends to exclude brine and lack hydrosocial context on the environmental justice implications of water use by life cycle stage. New research directions might benefit from taking a more community‐engaged and cradle‐to‐cradle approach to lithium LCAs, including regionalized impact analysis of freshwater use in DLE, as well as wastewater pollution, cooling water, and recycling hazards from downstream processes. This article is categorized under: Human Water > Human Water Human Water > Water Governance Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Nathalie E. G. Ligthart, Gerard Prats Vergel, Johan T. Padding et al.

Energy Advances • 2024

CO 2 conversion is an important part of the transition towards clean fuels and chemicals. However, low solubility of CO 2 in water and its slow diffusion cause mass transfer limitations in aqueous electrochemical CO 2 reduction. This significantly limits the partial current densities towards any desired CO 2 -reduction product. We propose using flowable suspension electrodes to spread the current over a larger volume and alleviate mass transfer limitations, which could allow high partial current densities for CO 2 conversion even in aqueous environments. To identify the requirements for a well-performing suspension electrode, we use a transmission line model to simulate the local electric and ionic current distributions throughout a channel and show that the electrocatalysis is best distributed over the catholyte volume when the electric, ionic and charge transfer resistances are balanced. In addition, we used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to measure the different resistance contributions and correlated the results with rheology measurements to show that particle size and shape impact the ever-present trade-off between conductivity and flowability. We combine the modelling and experimental results to evaluate which carbon type is most suitable for use in a suspension electrode for CO 2 reduction, and predict a good reaction distribution throughout activated carbon and carbon black suspensions. Finally, we tested several suspension electrodes in a CO 2 electrolyzer. Even though mass transport limitations should be reduced, the CO partial current densities are capped at 2.8 mA cm -2 , which may be due to engineering limitations. We conclude that using suspension electrodes is challenging for sensitive reactions like CO 2 reduction, and may be more suitable for use in other electrochemical conversion reactions suffering from mass transfer limitations that are less affected by competing reactions and contaminations.

Luis Fernando León‐Fernandez, F.J. Fernández, José Villaseñor

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering • 2022

This work presents a simplified mathematical model able to predict the performance of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for the cathodic dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) operating at different cathode pH values (7.0 and 5.0). Experimental data from previous work were utilized for the fitting of the model. The MFC modelled consisted of two chambers (bioanode and abiotic cathode), wherein the catholyte contained 300 mg L -1 of 2,4-DCP and the anolyte 1000 mg L -1 of sodium acetate. The model considered two mixed microbial populations in the anode compartment using sodium acetate as the carbon source for growth and maintenance: electrogenic and non-electrogenic biomass. 2,4-DCP, its intermediates of the reductive process (2-chlorophenol, 2-CP and 4-chlorophenol, 4-CP) and protons were considered in the model as electron acceptors in the electrogenic mechanism. The global process rate was assumed to be controlled by the biological mechanisms and modelled using multiplicative Monod-type equations. The formulation of a set of differential equations allowed to describe the simultaneous evolution of every component: concentration of sodium acetate in the anodic compartment; and concentration of 2,4-DCP, 2-CP, 4-CP, phenol and chloride in the cathode chamber. Current production and coulombic efficiencies were also estimated from the fitting. It was observed that most of the organic substrate was used by non-electrogenic mechanism. The influence of the Monod parameters was more important than the influence of the biomass yield coefficients. Finally, the model was employed to simulate different scenarios under distinct experimental conditions.

Niamh Docherty, Daniel Macdonald, Alisdair Gordon et al.

Chemical Communications • 2025

Extensive academic attention has been given to showcasing the potential high-level analytical performance of electrochemical and microfluidic diagnostic platforms across a range of target analytes and disease areas. Despite this high volume of research and proof of concept demonstrations for feasible technology platforms, electrochemical biosensors have not yet realised their full commercial potential, given the well-known advantages of low cost, high analytical sensitivity, ease of multiplexing, compatibility with mass manufacturing techniques and seamless connection to smartphones. This is often not because of limitations in analytical performance, but due to challenges in translating laboratory devices into usable, scalable, and accessible systems. Many commercialised point of care (POC) platforms have struggled to integrate effectively into real-world, low-resource clinical environments, underscoring the need for more holistic development strategies. After providing some background on state-of-the-art developments, this article offers a perspective on the major barriers to successful translation for academic research teams through a discussion of the key elements of the biosensor development and translation process. This feature article highlights the importance of the voice of the user, and the iterative research and development process which cycles through stages of innovation, user requirement consideration, analytical performance determination and ensuring the platform is accessible in a POC format. Recent advances in electrode fabrication, 3D printing, and laser ablation empower academic teams to rapidly prototype for practical application. The article intends to serve as a useful guide for those initiating new fundamental electrochemical sensing studies, highlighting recent literature and recommending steps that academic teams can take at the beginning of projects to maximise the chances of future translational success.

Babak Rezaei, Saloua Saghir, Jesper Yue Pan et al.

Micromachines • 2022

In this article, a novel approach for selective passivation of three-dimensional pyrolytic carbon microelectrodes via a facile electrochemical polymerization of a non-conductive polymer (polydopamine, PDA) onto the surface of carbon electrodes, followed by a selective laser ablation is elaborated. The 3D carbon electrodes consisting of 284 micropillars on a circular 2D carbon base layer were fabricated by pyrolysis of lithographically patterned negative photoresist SU-8. As a second step, dopamine was electropolymerized onto the electrode by cyclic voltammetry (CV) to provide an insulating layer at its surface. The CV parameters, such as the scan rate and the number of cycles, were investigated and optimized to achieve a reliable and uniform non-conductive coating on the surface of the 3D pyrolytic carbon electrode. Finally, the polydopamine was selectively removed only from the tips of the pillars, by using localized laser ablation. The selectively passivated electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. Due to the surface being composed of highly biocompatible materials, such as pyrolytic carbon and polydopamine, these 3D electrodes are particularly suited for biological application, such as electrochemical monitoring of cells or retinal implants, where highly localized electrical stimulation of nerve cells is beneficial.

Ilmi Nur Indriani Savitri, Prastika Krisma Jiwanti, Ilmanda Zalzabhila Danistya Putri et al.

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry • 2023

This study investigates the effects of boron concentration on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes for electrochemical sensors of ciprofloxacin. The effects of boron concentration, scan rate, and pH of BDD electrodes with boron concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1% were examined to determine the optimal conditions. Furthermore, square wave voltammetry (SWV) in phosphate buffer pH 7 was used to analyze the electrochemical behavior of ciprofloxacin. The results revealed a linear calibration curve in the concentration range of 30–100 μM with a recovery of 85–110%. Meanwhile, BDD electrode with the highest boron concentration in this experiment (1%) showed a very low limit of detection of 0.17 μM, meaning that 1% BDD gave a highly sensitive and significant measurement result for the electrochemical sensor of ciprofloxacin. With the results given, this study provides new insights for controlling boron concentrations in diamond electrodes for the electrochemical sensors of quinolone antibiotics.

José Ribamar Nascimento dos Santos, Ismael Carlos Braga Alves, Aldaléa Lopes Brandes Marques et al.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research • 2022

Mingyi Xu, Miriam Fernandez-Avila Cobo, Danfei Zeng et al.

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering • 2024

Abstract Microbial electrochemical system (MES) offers sustainable solutions for environmental applications such as wastewater treatment, energy generation, and chemical synthesis by leveraging microbial metabolism and electrochemical processes. This review explores the transformative role of 3D printing in MES research, focusing on reactor body design, electrode fabrication, and bioprinting applications. Rapid prototyping facilitated by 3D printing expedites MES development while unlocking design flexibility, which enhances performance in optimising fluid dynamics and mass transfer efficiency. Tailored ink materials further improve the conductivity and biocompatibility of electrodes, paving the way for environmental applications. 3D-printed bio-anodes and bio-cathodes offer enhanced electrogenesis and boosted electron acceptance processes, respectively, by fine-tuning electrode architectures. Additionally, 3D bioprinting presents opportunities for scaffold fabrication and bioink formulation, enhancing biofilm stability and electron transfer efficiency. Despite current challenges, including material selection and cost, the integration of 3D printing in MES holds immense promise for advancing energy generation, wastewater treatment, resource recovery, carbon utilisation, and biosensing technologies.

Gizem Ertürk, Martin Hedström, Bo Mattìasson

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology • 2018

A capacitive sensor for saccharide detection is described in this study. The detection is based on selective interaction between diols and aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) immobilized on a gold electrode. Glucose, fructose, and dextran (MW: 40 kDa) were tested with the system over wide concentration ranges (1.0 x 10 -8 M - 1.0 x 10 -3 M for glucose, 1.0 x 10 -8 M - 1.0 x 10 -2 M for fructose and 1.0 x 10 -10 M - 1.0 x 10 -5 M for dextran). The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.8 nM for glucose, 0.6 nM for fructose, and 13 pM for dextran. These data were comparable to the others reported previously. In order to demonstrate glycoprotein detection with the same sensor, human immunoglobulin G (IgG) as well as horseradish peroxidase were used as model analytes. The sensor responded to IgG in the concentration range of 1.0 x 10 -13 M - 1.0 x 10 -7 M with a LOD value of 16 fM. The performance of the assay of peroxidase was compared to a spectrophotometric assay by determining the enzymatic activity of a captured analyte. The results showed that the method might be useful for label-free, fast, and sensitive detection of saccharides as well as glycoproteins over a wide concentration range.

Ayyapayya S. Mathad, Karuna Korgaonkar, J. Seetharamappa et al.

Chemosensors • 2023

Herein, we have reported on a simple, environmentally friendly, and ultra-sensitive electrode material, SnO2@p-rGO, used in a clean sustainable manner for rapid electrochemical determination of an anti-diabetic agent, repaglinide (RPG). Three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide nanostructure (p-rGO) was prepared via a low-temperature solution combustion method employing glycine. The aqueous extract of agricultural waste “cotton boll peel” served as stabilizing and reducing agents for the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles. The structural and morphological characterization was carried out by XRD, Raman, SEM, EDX, FTIR, absorption, and TGA. The oxidation process of RPG was realized under adsorption controlled with the involvement of two protons and electrons. The sensor displayed a wider linearity between the concentration of RPG and oxidation peak current in the ranges of 1.99 × 10−8–1.45 × 10−5 M and 4.99 × 10−8–1.83 × 10−5 M for square-wave voltammetric and differential pulse voltammetric methods, respectively. The lower limit of detection value of 0.85 × 10−9 M was realized with the SWV method. The proposed sensor was applied for the quantification of RPG in fortified urine samples and pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated reproducibility, long-term stability, and selectivity in the presence of metformin and other interferents, which made the proposed sensor promising and superior for monitoring RPG.

Benedetto Bozzini, Patrizia Bocchetta, George Kourousias et al.

Polymers • 2017

Understanding the lateral variations in the elemental and chemical state of constituents induced by electrochemical reactions at nanoscales is crucial for the advancement of electrochemical materials science. This requires in situ studies to provide observables that contribute to both modeling beyond the phenomenological level and exactly transducing the functionally relevant quantities. A range of X-ray coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) approaches have recently been proposed for imaging beyond the diffraction limit with potentially dramatic improvements in time resolution with chemical sensitivity. In this paper, we report a selection of ptychography results obtained in situ during the electrodeposition of a metal⁻polymer nanocomposite. Our selection includes dynamic imaging during electrochemically driven growth complemented with absorption and phase spectroscopy with high lateral resolution. We demonstrate the onset of morphological instability feature formation and correlate the chemical state of Mn with the local growth rate controlled by the current density distribution resulting from morphological evolution.

Zari Tehrani, Hina Y. Abbasi, Anitha Devadoss et al.

Nanomaterials • 2021

Electrochemical biosensors using carbon-based electrodes are being widely developed for the detection of a range of different diseases. Since their sensitivity depends on the surface coverage of bioreceptor moieties, it necessarily depends on the surface coverage of amine precursors. Electrochemical techniques, using ferrocene carboxylic acid as a rapid and cheap assay, were used to assess the surface coverage of amino-phenyl groups attached to the carbon electrode. While the number of electrons transferred in the first step of diazotisation indicated a surface coverage of 8.02 ± 0.2 × l0 -10 (mol/cm 2 ), and those transferred in the second step, a reduction of nitrophenyl to amino-phenyl, indicated an amine surface coverage of 4-5 × l0 -10 (mol/cm 2 ), the number of electrons transferred during attachment of the amine coupling assay compound, ferrocene carboxylic acid, indicated a much lower available amine coverage of only 2.2 × l0 -11 (mol/cm 2 ). Furthermore, the available amine coverage was critically dependent upon the number of cyclic voltammetry cycles used in the reduction, and thus the procedures used in this step influenced the sensitivity of any subsequent sensor. Amine coupling of a carboxyl terminated anti-beta amyloid antibody specific to Aβ(1-42) peptide, a potential marker for Alzheimer's disease, followed the same pattern of coverage as that observed with ferrocene carboxylic acid, and at optimum amine coverage, the sensitivity of the differential pulse voltammetry sensor was in the range 0-200 ng/mL with the slope of 5.07 µA/ng.mL -1 and R 2 = 0.98.

Stuart Hannah, Roger Domingo-Roca, Paul A. Hoskisson et al.

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry • 2022

Yrysgul Bakytkarim, Satar Tursynbolat, Zhazira Mukatayeva et al.

Engineered Science • 2024

Shrouq H. Aleithan, Sajid Ali Ansari, Muhamad Yudatama Perdana et al.

Nanomaterials • 2022

The nanohybrid development of metal oxide/conducting polymer as an energy storage material is an active research area, because of the device stability, conductive behavior, and easy fabrication. Herein, needle-like MnO 2 was coupled with polyaniline fabricated through chemical polymerization followed by the hydrothermal process. The characterization results show that MnO 2 /polyaniline exhibited a needle-like morphology. Different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of the MnO 2 /polyaniline nanohybrids. The electrochemical performance, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), specific capacitance (C sp ), and cyclic stability, was examined using a three-electrode assembly cell. The optimized electrode displayed a C sp of 522.20 F g -1 at a current load of 1.0 A g -1 compared with the other electrodes. The developed synergism during MnO 2 /polyaniline fabrication provided enhanced conductive channels and stability during the charge-discharge process.

Katia Hebbache, Nadia Ait Ahmed, Nabila Aliouane et al.

Journal of Water Process Engineering • 2025

Diogo L. Rocha, Vivian Maringolo, Alberto N. Araújo et al.

Chemosensors • 2021

The determination of metal ions is important for nutritional and toxicological assessment. Atomic spectrometric techniques are highly efficient for the determination of these species, but the high costs of acquisition and maintenance hinder the application of these techniques. Inexpensive alternatives for metallic element determination are based on dedicated biosensors. These devices mimic biological systems and convert biochemical processes into physical outputs and can be used for the sensitive and selective determination of chemical species such as cations. In this work, an overview of the proposed biosensors for metal ions determination was carried out considering the last 15 years of publications. Statistical data on the applications, response mechanisms, instrumentation designs, applications of nanomaterials, and multielement analysis are herein discussed.