Aman Dongre, S. L. Kothari, Ashwag Shami et al.

Environmental Technology & Innovation • 2024

To address the growing global demand for usable water, there is an immediate necessity to enhance wastewater treatment systems. A continuous mode adaption of the conventional three-chamber microbial desalination cell (MDC) configuration was used, with gravity facilitating the flow of residential reject water for desalination. Initially, operating in batch mode with a 100 mL treatment volume, the single microbial desalination machine was expanded to 300 mL in continuous mode, capable of treating 5 L of home refuse water over 36 days. The batch mode MDC had a maximum current and power density of 3.81 µA/cm2 and 0.337 µW/cm2, resulting in 76% desalination and 83.9% COD eradication rates. Scaling up increased the MDC's performance, reaching a maximum of 0.45 µW/cm2 and 5.31 µA/cm2, which was 1.3 times greater than batch mode operation. The current work demonstrates the feasibility of microbial desalination cells and their novel approach for treating much higher quantities of reverse osmosis (R.O.) saline water in a comparable period of roughly 36 days. It emphasizes the actual limits when dealing with real-world wastewater samples, presenting a unique path for biotechnology by simultaneously generating bio-electricity and tackling future contaminants. Furthermore, incorporating desalination chambers with microbial fuel cells increases efficiency and opens up new options for enhanced wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and bioenergy generation. This pioneering strategy uses innovative membrane technologies and microbial optimization approaches to push the limits of desalination.

Merna Hesham, Abdelsalam Elawwad, Ahmed Abd El Meguid et al.

Journal of Chemistry • 2022

In this paper, a dynamic mathematical model was developed to simulate the processes in Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs) operated in cyclic batch flow mode using ordinary differential equations found in the literature. In contrast to previous models, the proposed model was developed for fed-batch operations and considers the effects of temperature and substrate inhibition using simple equations for quick simulation. Local sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the parameters with the least impact on current, COD, and salt removal, which were then eliminated from the simplified model. These parameters were found to be the decay rates of anodophilic and methanogenic microorganisms ( k d , a and k d , m ) and the internal resistance parameters ( R anolyte and R membrane ). In addition, the best-performing parameters based on the sensitivity analysis results were selected for reestimation for model fitting. The reestimated parameters were mediator yield ( Y ), membrane salt transfer coefficient ( d ), maximum substrate utilization rate by methanogenic microorganisms ( μ s , m , max), and maximum anodophilic growth rate ( μ a , max). The predictions of the model were consistent with both our previous experimental data and experimental studies found in the literature and can be easily used by experimentalists for the rapid simulation and prediction of an MDC’s performance under different operating conditions.

Laleh R. Kalankesh, Mohammad Ali Zazouli

Desalination and Water Treatment • 2019

Mohit Sahni, Rahul Kumar Mishra, Aarti Gupta et al.

Desalination • 2024

Yaobin Lu, Dong Lin, Guangli Liu et al.

Journal of Environmental Management • 2023

Fachryan Zuhri, Rita Arbianti, Tania Surya Utami et al.

International Journal of Technology • 2016

Soroosh Danaee, Hamed Naghoosi, Neda Badali Varzaghani et al.

Environmental Technology • 2023

ABSTRACT Inaccessibility and expensiveness of vital infrastructures are the main problems in some urban and rural areas to supply fresh water, sustainable energy, and wastewater treatment. An effective solution is the integration of several systems in an environmentally friendly technology of the photosynthetic microbial desalination cell (PMDC). The aim of this study is to assess the process characterisation of an algae-based PMDC, which was loaded with a high-strength mixture of human feces and urine (HFS). The PMDC was also able to efficiently remove COD and total nitrogen of HFS by 50% and 94%, respectively. The maximum power density, voltage, and desalination efficiency of 362.5 mW/m², 175.2 mV, and 60% were accomplished. Adequate parameter adjustment led to a remarkable maximum of 2.25 g/L.d in the ion removal rate. In addition, an energy balance was governed showing that zero or positive net energy in PMDC is feasible by replacing the main energy consumers. Based on the results, this type of MDC had a high efficiency for simultaneous saline water desalination and HFS treatment, which makes it attractive for further studies of upscaling and its application in remote areas.

Sohini Chakraborty, Sandhimita Mondal

International Microbiology • 2023

Amal Al Balushi, Fatema Al Maqbali, Haitham Al Saidi et al.

International Journal of Integrated Engineering • 2022

Microbial desalination cell (MDC) is one of the cost and energy effective methods that can help people in countries with low income and people in rural areas without energy infrastructure, get access to desalinated water while treating their wastewater. Despite the advantages of the technology, less is known about the behavior of the internal resistance in MDCs. Therefore, this study mainly focused on the behavior of the MDC from internal and external resistance point of view. The desalination rate of saltwater at different applied external resistance (995 , 464 , 220 , and 74 ) was studied. Moreover, the polarization capacity of the established MDC was investigated. The internal resistance of MDC at different salt concentrations of the desalination chamber (35-1 g/l) was also analyzed and discussed. The findings of the study showed that decreasing the external resistance could increase the current generation of the MDC as the main driving force of the desalination. Furthermore, it was found that salt concentration in the middle chamber plays a significant role on the internal resistance of MDC and hence on the desalination rate. Lower desalination rate at the lower salt concentration of the desalination chamber could be explained by the high internal resistance of the system. Therefore, integrating MDC with other suitable techniques, e.g., reverse osmosis (RO), for desalination of lower salt concentrations could overcome this challenge. MDC as a standalone desalination system at the current stage of technology might not be practical due to the low current performance of the system. However, it is worth considering it as green and low-cost technology for the pretreatment stage of the other conventional desalination systems, like RO with energy and cost savings while treating the wastewater.

Sunil Chauhan, Shweta Rai, Soumya Pandit et al.

Catalysts • 2023

The Microbial Desalination Cell is a novel method for desalinating water that also generates energy via substrate oxidation. The MDC comprises three chambers: the anode chamber, the desalination chamber, and the cathode chamber. The fundamental problem with the technology is that it generates very little power during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). One solution to this issue is to use a highly active cathode catalyst, which effectively increases the ORR rate. Neodymium-doped ZnO nanoparticles were produced and employed as a cathode catalyst in the three-chambered MDC1 to improve performance. Zn1−xNdxO nanocrystalline samples containing x = 0.0, 0.03, 0.6, and 0.10 were synthesized efficiently through the cost-efficient sol-gel method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction techniques revealed the nanocrystalline nature and the phase purity of the Zn1−xNdxO samples. The structural properties of ZnO nanostructured materials were elucidated by Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns, which showed displacement of Zn and O ions and revealed changes in the electron density around the Zn-O bond with Nd substitution. The local features of light emission from Zn1−xNdxO samples have been studied with photoluminescence. The UV and green-yellow emissions originate from the exciton transition and the transition between the Nd3+ deep level, oxygen vacancy and interstitial oxygen. The results were compared to MDC-2, which did not have a catalyst on the cathode. Both MDCs were tested using a saline water solution containing 15 g/L of NaCl to measure their desalination performance. The better reduction kinetics was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry of the MDC-1 cathode. MDC-1 had a higher desalination efficiency (77.02% ± 2.0%) due to the presence of an Nd-doped ZnO catalyst than MDC-2 (59.3% ± 8.3%). MDC-1’s maximum power density of 3.65 W/m3 was 2.78 times greater than MDC-2’s (0.78 W/m3). Furthermore, the coulombic efficiency of MDC-1 was found to be (8.8 ± 0.3%), which was much higher than that of MDC-2 (4.56 ± 0.2%). As a result, the Nd-doped ZnO-based catalyst developed in this study can potentially improve ORR in MDC cathodes, enabling them to generate more power.

Sandhya Prakash, Samsudeen Naina Mohamed, Siddanth S.G et al.

Journal of Water Process Engineering • 2024

László Koók, Anna Hajgató, Kristóf Bence Nagy et al.

Desalination • 2024

Sadia Sikder, Mohammad Toha, Md. Mostafizur Rahman et al.

RSC Advances • 2024

Desalination ensures the provision of potable water to those living in coastal areas, thereby guaranteeing access to safe drinking water. Urbanization and industrialization pollute natural water sources with untreated and partially treated wastewater. International researchers have been searching for cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions to the above-highlighted difficulties. Developed countries efficiently treat wastewater and desalinate seawater at a minimal expense while reducing nonrenewable energy consumption using microbial desalination cells (MDCs). The use of ion exchange resin-based MDCs is expected to remove salt from seawater and produce bioelectricity. This research aimed to build MDCs with two types of electrodes and determine their efficiency in the desalination of seawater and generation of bioelectricity while treating wastewater. Results showed that MDCs with Zn-Cu and carbon fiber cloth electrodes effectively treated textile and tannery effluents. Calculations encompassed several parameters such as current, voltage, power, current density, power density, desalination efficiency, rate, COD reduction, and TDS reduction. MDCs containing Zn-Cu electrodes generated energy and removed 65% COD and 33% TDS while treating wastewater. The most efficient MDC (Zn-Cu electrode-based MDC) reduced the salinity of seawater by 85%. At the same time, using the carbon fiber cloth electrode-based MDC, about 78% salinity could have been reduced from seawater. The maximum and minimum desalination rates for this experiment were 1.24 and 1.096 ppt per day, respectively. MDCs efficiently desalinated saltwater, treated wastewater, and generated bioelectricity. Therefore, for countries such as Bangladesh, this method is economically viable.

Masha Malakootian, Fariba Mirzaienia, Mohammad Malakootian

Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology • 2019

The removal of Cu2+ and Zn2+ from industrial wastewater using the microbial desalination cell is studied. Both synthetic and industrial samples were haracterised in accordance with standard methods recommended for examination of water and wastewater. Synthetic samples used for the analysis were prepared with concentration 5; 25; 50; 75; 100 mg/L Cu2+ and Zn2+ in deionized water. The removal efficiency of each metal was analyzed after 30; 60; 90; 120; 150 min; psychrophilic, mesophilic, thermophilic and 2–3; 3–4; 4–5; 5–6 and 6–7 mg/L dissolved oxygen were monitored. The experiments were done on wastewater of electroplating industries in Isfahan, Iran, in optimum conditions. For data analysis, SPSS version 16 software was used. Optimum condition for removing Cu2+ and Zn2+ were found to be: 100 mg/L, 4.4 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 26°C and 120 min.

Rosa Anna Nastro, Enrica Leccisi, Maria Toscanesi et al.

Energies • 2021

Seawater represents a potential resource to ensure sustainable availability of water for population and irrigation purposes, especially in some areas of the world. Desalination processes allow the production of fresh water, but they generate also brine as waste product. Sustainable brine management should be identified to ensure proper disposal and potentially resource recovery. This experimental study showed that emerging technologies such as Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs) may provide a valuable contribution to the sustainability of the seawater desalination sector. In this paper, we report results on lab-scale desalination brine treatments applying MDCs, which allow energy savings, resource recovery, environmental impact minimization, and reduction of the organic load in municipal wastewater. Our results showed that MDCs’ treatment allows the removal of approximately 33 g of salts (62% of the total)—including chlorides, bromides, and sulphates—from 20 mL of brine within 96 h. The MDCs, according to the source of energy and the presence of mature biofilm at the anode, spent 7.2 J, 7.9 J, and 9.6 J in the desalination process, with the higher amount of energy required by the abiotic system and the lesser by the MDCs fed with just wastewater. Our approach also showed environmental and energy reductions because of potential metal recovery instead of returning them into marine environment. We quantified the avoided life cycle of human and marine eco-toxicity impacts as well as the reduction of cumulative energy demand of recovered metals. The main benefit in terms of avoided toxicity would arise from the mercury and copper recovery, while potential economic advantages would derive from the recovered cobalt that represents a strategic resource for many products such as battery storage systems.

Younggun Yoon, Hobin Jee, Seung Hyun Song et al.

Journal of environmental chemical engineering • 2023

Safwat M. Safwat, Mohamed N.A. Meshref, M. Salama et al.

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology • 2022

Abstract Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) exhibited an economical value with large promises as a useful desalination treatment solution. MDCs threefold applications to efficiently treat wastewater and to produce electricity and simultaneously accomplish desalination were investigated in this work. The study examined the influence of various performance parameters including co-substrate, temperature, pH, and salt concentrations on the response of three-chamber MDCs with respect to energy recovery and contaminant removal (Phenol). The system evaluation criteria encompassed chemical oxygen demand (COD), phenol removal efficiency, Coulombic efficiency, desalination efficiency, and other system parameters such as voltage generation and power density. The maximum COD and phenol removal efficiencies obtained at temperature = 37 °C, pH = 7, and salt concentration = 10,000 ppm, were 80% and 74%, respectively. The maximum Coulombic efficiency was 5.3% and was observed at temperature = 18 °C, pH = 7, and salt concentration = 10,000 ppm. The results show that the presence of a co-substrate improved power density; the maximum power density obtained was 52.9 mW/m 2 . The principal component analysis elucidated the impact of pH on COD and phenol removal rates. With our findings confirmed trends in the improvement of the voltage generation, COD and phenol removal efficiencies with the addition of a co-substrate, the temperature and pH increase.

Nicholas Miwornunyuie, Huang Jingyu, Lei Chen et al.

Chemosphere • 2022

Surajbhan Sevda, Ibrahim M. Abu-Rees

Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability • 2017

Microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a newly developed technology for energy-efficient saltwater desalination and wastewater treatment. It has been observed that energy production and maximizing desalination efficiency may have a contradictory relationship. To further understand the interaction between energy production and desalination efficiency, herein we have investigated energy production and desalination efficiency in aMDC affected by salt concentrations/composition (5-20 g/L NaCl and actual seawater) and external resistances (10k to 0.1 &!).Themaximum energy production with respect to total desalinated water was 0.234, 0.3113, 0.3660 and 0.4113 kWh/m 3 (desalinated water) operated with 5 g/L, 10 g/L, 20 g/L NaCl, and real seawater, respectively.The highest energy produced with respect to kg COD removal was0.1059, 0.1194, 0.1164 and 0.2245 kWh/kg COD operated with 5 g/ L, 10 g/L, 20 g/L NaCl, and real seawater, respectively.As expected, COD removal and the desalination performance were all directly influenced by the external resistance. Significantly, higher COD removal was obtained when UMDCs operated under higher external resistance (100-1000 ), and higher desalination performance obtained under lower external resistance (0.1 to 1 ).These results demonstrated the linkage between energy production, desalination and COD removal in UMDC.

Surajbhan Sevda, Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh

Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A • 2017

A novel two chamber up-flow microbial desalination cell (UMDC) was designed for evaluating desalination of real seawater with simultaneous wastewater treatment and energy generation. Two UMDCs were hydraulically connected in continuous flow mode (cascade mode) and operated at ten different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) [120 h to 12 h] and salt retention times (SRTs) [40 h to 4 h] for improved performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and salt removal. These UMDCs were operated at different combinations of high power (higher external resistance) and high current (low external resistance) mode to find the most suitable conditions for obtaining higher COD removal, salt removal, power production and current generation. The optimum HRT and SRT were 60 h and 40 h, respectively. The highest salt removal achieved was 72% at SRT of 40, while the highest COD removal was 83% at a HRT of 60 h. A maximum current density of 2.375 A/m 2 was obtained, while the maximum power density was 5.879 W/m 2 . The obtained results give an overlook for the scale up of UMDCs in the future. In the entire system, membrane fouling is still a major problem. As the operation time increases, this resulted in low power generation and low salt removal efficiency. The UMDCs can function as sustainable and alternative solution for real wastewater treatment and seawater desalination with resource recovery and power production.

Ahmed M. Sadeq, Zainab Z. Ismail

The Science of The Total Environment • 2023

A sustainable approach for simultaneous desalination of actual seawater for potable water supply, and bioelectrochemical treatment of sewage associated with power generation was evaluated in a tubular photosynthesis desalination microbial fuel cell (PDMC) continually operated for 180 days. Anion exchange membrane (AEM) was used to separate the bioanode and desalination compartments, whereby, and cation exchange membrane (CEM) was used to separate the desalination and biocathode compartments. Mixed bacterial species and mixed microalgae were utilized for inoculation of the bioanode and biocathode, respectively. The results revealed that maximum and average desalination efficiencies of saline seawater fed to the desalination compartment were 80 ± 1 % and 72 ± 1.2 %, respectively. Maximum and average removal efficiencies of the sewage organic content in the anodic compartment were up to 99.3 ± 0.5 % and 91.0 ± 0.8 %, respectively associated with maximum power output of 430.7 ± 0.7 mW/m 3 . In spite of the heavy growth of the mixed bacterial species and microalgae as well, no fouling of AEM and CEM was observed during the entire period of operation. Kinetic study demonstrated that Blackman model described well the bacterial growth. Dense and healthy growth of biofilm and the microalgae in the anodic and cathodic compartments, respectively were clearly observed during the operation period. The promising outcomes of this investigation demonstrated that the suggested approach is a potential sustainable option for simultaneous desalination of saline seawater for potable water supply, biotreatment of sewage, and power generation.

Kumar Sonu, Monika Sogani, Zainab Syed et al.

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery • 2024

Rabia Liaquat, Tariq Mehmood, Asif Hussain Khoja et al.

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering • 2020

Tarun Shivakumar, Vahid Razaviarani

Water Science & Technology Water Supply • 2020

Abstract The growing need for better sources of fresh water has led to water desalination to become a dominant technology in the water industry, especially in arid countries like the UAE. Across the globe, reverse osmosis (RO) has become the key method used to desalinate seawater. Due to the high energy requirements of RO desalination, the need to reduce the energy load has become a pertinent area of research. Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) are an emergent technology that show great promise when integrated into the RO desalination process. Studies have shown that a significant proportion of the energy utilized in RO desalination could be eliminated by using MDCs as a pretreatment process. In this study, the integration of various MDC types into the pretreatment process for RO desalination were compared and explored. Existing MDC integration setups were briefly explained. Research was split into possible configurations for the integration. This includes optimization of key parameters such as anodic inoculum, feed inlet ratios and accompanying pretreatment processes. The limitations and challenges faced in the integration were investigated and the required future studies aligned with subject was deliberated.

Richa Tomar, Tahseena Naaz, Soumya Pandit et al.

Fuel • 2023

Nur Atikah Aryanee Nadzri, Nazlina Haiza Mohd Yasin, Mimi Hani Abu Bakar et al.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy • 2023

A. Yağmur Gören, Yakubu A. Jarma, Nalan Kabay et al.

Separation and Purification Technology • 2022

Noor Juma Al Balushi, Jagdeep Kumar Nayak, Sadik Rahman et al.

Energies • 2022

Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) are promising bioelectrochemical systems for desalination using the bacteria-generated electricity from the biodegradation of organic wastes contained in the wastewater. Instead of being a sustainable and eco-friendly desalination technology, the large-scale application of MDC was limited due to the high installation cost of the metal-catalyst-coated cathode electrode and the poor performance of the cathode in long-term operation due to catalyst fouling. Such cathodic limitations have hindered its large-scale application. The cathodic limitation has arisen mainly because of three losses, such as (1) Ohmic loss, (2) mass transfer loss, and (3) activation loss. The catalyst-assisted cathodic reduction reaction is an electrochemical surface phenomenon; thereby, the cathode’s surface charge transfer and thermodynamic efficiency are crucial for reaction kinetics. This review article aims to provide an overview of the MDC process, performance indicators, and summarizes the limiting factors that could hinder the process performance. Then, the article represented a comprehensive summary of the air-cathodic limitations and the mechanisms applied to improve the air-cathodic limitations in MDC to enhance the cathodic reaction kinetics through cathode surface modification through catalysts. The study is significantly different from other review studies by the precise identification and illustration of the cathodic losses and their mitigation strategies through surface modification. The details about the role of photocatalysts in the minimization of the cathode losses and improvement of the performance of MDC were well presented.

Marina Ramírez-Moreno, Abraham Esteve‐Núñez, Juan Manuel Ortiz

Journal of environmental chemical engineering • 2022

Eduard Borràs, Martí Aliaguilla, Nathan Bossa et al.

Journal of environmental chemical engineering • 2021

Fubin Liu, Shuai Luo, Han Wang et al.

Separation and Purification Technology • 2019

Desmond Ato Koomson, Jingyu Huang, Guang Li et al.

Renewable Energy • 2022

Qahtan Adnan Ali, Hasanain Saad Alhares, Hussein H. Abd‐almohi et al.

Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology • 2023

Abstract BACKGROUND Microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a new technology in the use of electrical energy for water desalination and wastewater treatment. RESULTS Open circuit (OC) and closed circuit (CC) modes were successfully simulated with initial TDS concentrations of 10 g/L and 10–15 g/L, respectively (an external resistance of only 150 Ω was applied for CC). After 160 h of operation, the maximum OC voltage, desalination efficiency and COD removal efficiency were 809 mV, 32.2% and 79.2%, respectively. The maximum voltage was also obtained when the external resistances were 150 Ω (423.4 and 438 mV) for the initial NaCl concentrations (10 and 15 g/L) in the central chamber, respectively. Moreover, the maximal desalting and COD removal efficiencies after 24 h run‐time were (30% and 28%) and (24% and 25%) for initial NaCl concentrations (10 or 15 g/L) in the central chamber, respectively. Maintaining pH (8.61, 7.01) to (7.85, 7.8) in anode and cathode chambers was studied. This research accurately depicted microbial desalination's efficiency in generating OC voltages and CC electrical energy via Box–Behnken Design Distribution (BBD). Investigated factors’ interactions (initial salt/COD concentrations, time) on CC system's energy efficiency. Resulted in peak productivity at (1.85 mW), OC reaching (1100 mV). CONCLUSION Finally, the research paper gave exciting results in improving the efficiency of the microbial desalination cell to increase the ability to produce electrical energy and desalinate water. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Mohammad Hasan Khoshgoftar Manesh, Sepehr Davadgaran, Seyed Alireza Mousavi Rabeti et al.

Energy • 2024

Huichao Zhang, Boming Du, Dan Li et al.

Desalination • 2024

Ali Ziaedini, Hamid Rashedi, Ebrahim Alaie et al.

Journal of environmental chemical engineering • 2018

Hussein H. Abd‐almohi, Ziad T. Alismaeel, Mohanad J. M‐Ridha

Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology • 2022

Abstract Seawater might serve as a fresh‐water supply for future generations to help meet the growing need for clean drinking water. Desalination and waste management using newer and more energy intensive processes are not viable options in the long term. Thus, an integrated and sustainable strategy is required to accomplish cost‐effective desalination via wastewater treatment. A microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a new technology that can treat wastewater, desalinate saltwater, and produce green energy simultaneously. Bio‐electrochemical oxidation of wastewater organics creates power using this method. Desalination and the creation of value‐added by‐products are expected because of this ionic movement. According to assessments, recent investigations on MDC configurations have led to significant changes in their operating characteristics, as well as their design and operational factors. Additionally, the study notes the expanding uses of MDC in bioremediation, nutrient recovery, water softening, and value‐added chemical manufacturing. Significant results show that the MDC system produced outstanding desalination without the need for external power, in addition to achieving wastewater treatment and energy recovery without the need for intermediary processes. When it comes to its practical application, some of the technical obstacles include keeping pH stable in cathodic and anodic fluids, increasing internal resistance using catalysts as electrode fillers, along with issues of biofouling and durability. Although MDC technology is currently being developed and scaled up, additional research on membrane fouling avoidance, material feasibility, electron transport kinetics, growth of microorganisms, and catalyst durability is needed. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Laleh R. Kalankesh, Susana Rodríguez‐Couto, Mohammad Ali Zazouli

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy • 2019

The Caspian Sea is one of the largest water sources located in the north of Iran; so this research was carried out to investigate the new design of microbial desalination cell (MDC) (double layer) efficiency in water desalination and power generation of the enormous saline water source in the north of Iran. Actual (i.e., Caspian Sea) and artificial seawater with different initial salt concentrations (5, 25, and 35 g/L NaCl) and, different hydraulic retention times (24, 48, and 72 h) in batch and open circuit voltage (OCV) mode were examined. In addition, the oxidation and reduction processes during desalination of each stage were monitored at 10 min intervals for 60 min. According to the obtained experimental data, both the desalination efficiency and the power generation decreased from 65 ± 1% to 41 ± 1% and 80 ± 4.5 mW/cm2 to 51.20 ± 2.5 mW/cm2 by increasing the retention time from 24 to 72 h for Caspian Sea water and 5 g/L NaCl, respectively. Maximum and minimum desalination efficiencies were 48 ± 1% and 65 ± 1% for Caspian Sea water and 5 g/L NaCl, respectively. Moreover, the maximum power densities were 72.83 ± 3.36 mW/cm2 and 80.00 ± 4.00 mW/cm2 for 35 g/L NaCl and seawater, respectively. As far as the authors know, this is the first study on the application of the new designed stacked MDC for power generation and desalination of water from the Caspian Sea. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019

Raoof Rabiee, Seyed Morteza Zamir, Mahsa Sedighi

Bioelectrochemistry • 2022

Havan H. Salman, Zainab Z. Ismail

Separation and Purification Technology • 2020