Robert Arechederra, Shelley Minteer

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2008

Abstract not Available.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Lab on a Chip • 2023

The most advanced microfluidic microbial fuel cell to date incorporates new design parameters to control practical challenges associated with membaneless format, while new normalization protocols enable comparisons with systems at any scale.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

ChemElectroChem • 2020

Abstract Strong control over experimental conditions in microfluidic channels provides a unique opportunity to study and optimize membraneless microbial fuel cells (MFCs), particularly with respect to the role of flow. However, improved performance and transferability of results to the wider MFC community require improvements to device stability under all applied operational conditions. To address these challenges, we present an easy‐to‐fabricate membraneless MFC that combines i) O 2 protection via a gas diffusion barrier, ii) integrated graphite electrodes, and iii) optimized electrode placement to avoid cross‐contamination under all applied flow rates. Attention to all of these design features in the same platform resulted in the operation of a MFC with a pure‐culture anaerobic Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilm for half a year, that is, six times longer than previously reported, without the use of an oxygen scavenger. As a result of higher device stability under high flow rates, power densities were four times higher than reported previously for microfluidic MFCs with the same biofilm.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Lab on a Chip • 2022

Bucking the trend toward membraneless microbial fuel cells (MFC), a new approach to grow biocompatible separation membranes between electrodes is demonstrated. The result is the best performing system for pure culture Geobacter sulfurreducens .

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Micromachines • 2024

High power output and high conversion efficiency are crucial parameters for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In our previous work, we worked with microfluidic MFCs to study fundamentals related to the power density of the MFCs, but nutrient consumption was limited to one side of the microchannel (the electrode layer) due to diffusion limitations. In this work, long-term experiments were conducted on a new four-electrode microfluidic MFC design, which grew Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms on upward- and downward-facing electrodes in the microchannel. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing electroactive biofilm (EAB) growth experiencing the influence of opposing gravitational fields. It was discovered that inoculation and growth of the EAB did not proceed as fast at the downward-facing anode, which we hypothesize to be due to gravity effects that negatively impacted bacterial settling on that surface. Rotating the device during the growth phase resulted in uniform and strong outputs from both sides, yielding individual power densities of 4.03 and 4.13 W m−2, which increased to nearly double when the top- and bottom-side electrodes were operated in parallel as a single four-electrode MFC. Similarly, acetate consumption could be doubled with the four electrodes operated in parallel.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Fermentation • 2025

The rapid increase in agricultural waste in recent years has led to significant losses and challenges for agro-industrial companies. At the same time, the growing demand for energy to support daily human activities has prompted these companies to seek new and sustainable methods for generating electric energy, which is crucial. Sucrose extracted from fruit waste can act as a carbon source for microbial fuel cells (MFCs), as bacteria metabolize sucrose to generate electrons, producing electric current. This research aims to evaluate the potential of sucrose as an additive to enhance the use of asparagus waste as fuel in single-chamber MFCs. The samples were obtained from CUC SAC in Trujillo, Peru. This study utilized MFCs with varying sucrose concentrations: 0% (Target), 5%, 10%, and 15%. It was observed that the MFCs with 15% sucrose and 0% sucrose (Target) produced the highest electric current (5.532 mA and 3.525 mA, respectively) and voltage (1.729 V and 1.034 V) on the eighth day of operation, both operating at slightly acidic pH levels. The MFC with 15% sucrose exhibited an oxidation-reduction potential of 3.525 mA, an electrical conductivity of 294.027 mS/cm, and a reduced chemical oxygen demand of 83.14%. Additionally, the MFC-15% demonstrated the lowest internal resistance (128.749 ± 12.541 Ω) with a power density of 20.196 mW/cm2 and a current density of 5.574 A/cm2. Moreover, the microbial fuel cells with different sucrose concentrations were connected in series, achieving a combined voltage of 4.56 V, showcasing their capacity to generate bioelectricity. This process effectively converts plant waste into electrical energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and mitigating methane emissions from the traditional anaerobic decomposition of such waste.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Lab on a Chip • 2024

We report a flow sensitive birefringent in-channel chitosan micromembrane. Using a simple cross-polarizer and a calibration curve, the membrane functions as a flow rate meter, which also works as a feedback element for a flow control system.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Lab on a Chip • 2023

The most advanced microfluidic microbial fuel cell to date incorporates new design parameters to control practical challenges associated with membaneless format, while new normalization protocols enable comparisons with systems at any scale.

V. Mathan Raj, Akshay Manoj

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering • 2021

Abstract This paper is concerned with the benefits of addition of 1-pentanol and benzyl alcohol, which are classified as aliphatic and aromatic type alcohols respectively based on the position of hydroxyl group, to a blend of Siarouba glauca and diesel (B20) in minor quantities. This was later tested under various load conditions to study the performance, emission, and combustion on a CRDI engine. Literature is cited to show that the poor performance of B20 can be enhanced substantially by the addition of 1-pentanol (P) and benzyl alcohol (Bn). Each sample of fuel was prepared by 5% concentration by volume addition of 1-pentanol and benzyl alcohol. The tests were conducted on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, and constant speed CRDI engine and compared with the results from which diesel was used as a fuel. Break thermal (BT) efficiency is found to be a considerable 9.08% and 5.5% more in 5%pentanol and 5% Benzyl Alcohol fuel blends respectively than that of diesel. While comparing brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) it was found that diesel has a noticeable 24.32% more consumption rate than both the fuel types. The emission rate of CO was found to be 81.25% and 81.33% less with 5%pentanol and 5% Benzyl Alcohol fuel blends than that of diesel. Diesel also released .5714 and .2698 times more Hydrocarbon(HC) compared to 5%pentanol and 5% Benzyl Alcohol respectively. However, NOx emissions were higher in both 5%pentanol and 5% Benzyl Alcohol. These benefits are documented by comparing each fuel in different load conditions and are represented graphically.

Stephen Michael Stewart, Brandon Loong, David U. Johnson et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2015

To address growing energy demands while reducing CO 2 emissions and the environmental footprint of dirty solid fuels such as coal, it is essential to develop advanced technologies with high efficiencies that also facilitate easy carbon capture. To this end, converting a solid fuel to clean hydrogen in a fuel cell with spontaneous and simultaneous generation of electricity while producing capture-ready CO 2 offers attractive opportunities and advantages. The steam-carbon fuel cell (SCFC) depicted in Fig. 1 addresses this need through higher efficiencies, and because the solid fuel is kept separate from the steam in the cathode compartment by an ionically conducting electrolyte membrane, the effluent anode product gas is a concentrated CO 2 stream that is capture ready. Moreover, due to the downhill chemical potential gradient of oxygen across the electrolyte, steam electrolysis and electricity generation takes place spontaneously under a driving force of > 0.5 V. Recently our group has published work demonstrating the feasibility of hydrogen production using activated carbon as the solid fuel in a steam-carbon fuel cell. 1 While this work has demonstrated the potential of this technology, the ultimate goal is to convert real fuels such as coal or biomass, into clean fuel and electrical energy. Biomass and especially coal contain a multitude of contaminants, many of which are potent poisons for the Ni-based cermet anodes typically used in these cells. In particular, the high sulfur content of these fuel sources present a problem, as concentrations as high as 3000 ppm H 2 S can be generated during fuel gasification, which would be fatal to cell operation. Furthermore, supported Ni-cermet anodes may show susceptibility to H 2 S poisoning at concentrations as low as 1 ppm, 2 making their direct use with these fuels unfeasible. However, through a two-prong approach adopted in the present work, progress towards the ultimate goal of converting coal to clean energy can be realized. The first prong of our approach involves the use of alkaline-metal based sulfur sorbents 3 that can chemically remove sulfur and reduce the H 2 S concentration to less than 10 ppm. The second prong involves the development of sulfur tolerant anode materials to complement the first and improve anode catalyst lifetime and performance under low sulfur conditions. Herein we report our progress on advancing this technology. Through the use of sulfur sorbents that are highly dispersed on the solid fuel, it is possible to dramatically reduce the H 2 S and COS contents of the syngas in situ and hence, mitigate the sulfur burden on the catalytic anode material. Moreover, high dispersion makes it possible for high sorbent utilization that greatly reduces the need for the total amount of sorbent used. Effects of dispersion and carbonaceous support preparation and impregnation on sulfur take up capacity are examined by TGA and gas analysis. Additionally, a variety of perovskite-based candidate materials are studied and evaluated for sulfur tolerance. Implementation of promising compositions into the membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) is underway; and their electrochemical behavior and impact on fuel cell performance will be presented. If successful, this work hopes to achieve a large step towards realizing the technology for converting dirty fuels such as coal to green energy, and provides an impetus for better understanding of sulfur poisoning mechanisms, development of sulfur tolerant anode materials, and the most effective means of utilizing sulfur sorbents. Through this technology, it may be possible to take dirty fuels containing high concentrations of sulfur, and convert them into green energy in the form of hydrogen and electricity. Figure 1

W. M. Van Loock

MRS Proceedings • 1995

Abstract Microwave power for heating applications is normally generated in the designated ISM frequency bands which occupy a band of 4%. Actual microwave generators, such as are used in domestic ovens utilise only a small fraction of this bandwidth. It is being demonstrated that spreading the power uniformly over the full ISM band by controlled frequency modulation dramatically reduces all levels of potential electromagnetic interference. With such controlled modulation telecommunication channels can operate within the ISM bands without serious problems because the leakage levels are reduced by 20 to 30 dB with no additional shielding costs. One simple (though not optimum) modulating waveform is a large ripple voltage on the magnetron power supply. Frequency modulation that spreads the energy over the full ISM band also improves the overall energy efficiency in multimode heating applications.

Xiaoyan Wei, Xin Jin, Yongjun Deng et al.

Volume 3: Nuclear Fuel and Material, Reactor Physics and Transport Theory; Innovative Nuclear Power Plant Design and New Technology Application • 2017

JASMINE is a computer program for the comprehensive performance analysis of fuel rods in nuclear reactors and was developed at China General Nuclear Power Cooperation (CGNPC). The JASMINE code, which is built around a quasi-two-dimensional analysis of fuel rod, consists of a clearly defined mechanical/mathematical framework into which physical models can easily be incorporated. In convenience, the important inputs and principal outputs could be shown directly from the interface due to the special platform in the code. During its development great effort was spent on obtaining an extremely flexible platform which is easy to handle, exhibiting much faster running speed for the code. In recent years, much more experiment data is used for the validation to confirm its correctness.

Jonas Jonasson, Charlotta Faith-Ell, Inga Carlman et al.

Energy Efficiency • 2024

Abstract Buildings can play an important role in reducing GHG emissions through increased energy efficiency. The European Commission mandates that all new buildings should be “zero emission buildings” (ZEB), aiming at a zero GHG emission building stock by 2050. The extent to which ZEB can contribute to reduced GHG emissions, however, varies between countries, due to different energy systems. It is also important to consider other environmental effects to avoid that climate benefits come with unintended consequences. Here, we explore the life-cycle environmental performance for a ZEB in a case where electricity and heating are largely fossil-free. The assessment concentrates on i) environmental impact of the use stage in relation to the product stage, ii) the interrelation between different energy sources, with focus on household electricity, and iii) the performance for more impact categories than primary energy use and climate change. While our results generally support the use of ZEBs from an environmental perspective, they also show that the climate benefit in this setting is marginal. However, given that energy systems are connected and energy savings in one place can reduce the demand for fossil energy elsewhere, the climate benefit of ZEBs is likely underestimated. Besides methodological implications for future studies, this indicates that current EU policy is promising, as incentives for implementation of ZEBs are unaffected by domestic effects.

Alireza Mayahi, Hamid Ilbeygi, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail et al.

Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology • 2015

Abstract BACKGROUND Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) ( SPEEK ) membranes and their modifications are viewed as arguably the most promising in microbial fuel cell (MFC) applications due to their non‐fluorinated base, superior chemical stability, and lower costs compared with Nafion membranes. In this work, SPEEK membranes with different degrees of sulfonation ( DSs ) (60% to 76%) and blended with charged surface modifying macromolecule (cSMM) were used as electrolytes in an MFC for simultaneous electricity generation and wastewater treatment. RESULTS Performance evaluation of newly fabricated membranes was carried out and was compared with that of Nafion 117. The MFC with SPEEK76/cSMM generated about 16.5% higher maximum power density (172.1 mW m −2 ) than that with Nafion 117 (143.7 mW m −2 ). In addition, the SPEEK76 / cSMM exhibited the highest coulombic efficiency (CE) of 17.6%, which was 21.6% higher than that of Nafion 117 (13.8%). Chemical oxygen demand ( COD ) removal of all characterized membranes was above 80% in our particular MFC . CONCLUSION MFC is a suitable method for simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity generation. SPEEK76 / cSMM is a promising membrane to be applied in MFC . © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Teresa A. Wierzbicki, Ivan C. Lee, Ashwani K. Gupta

ASME 2015 Power Conference • 2015

Oxidation behavior of dodecane and two mixtures of dodecane and m-xylene (90/10 wt. % and 80/20 wt. %) over an Rh catalyst in a meso-scale heat recirculating combustor was examined to isolate the effect of aromatic content on performance. The fuel conversion, product speciation and reaction kinetics were calculated, and the global combustion behavior observed. The results showed that increasing the amount of m-xylene in the fuel increased the fuel conversion from 85% (pure dodecane) to 92% (90/10) and further to 98% (80/20). The presence of xylene also significantly increased CO2/H2O selectivity and de-creased CO/H2 selectivity. Global activation energy increased linearly with increase in xylene content, supporting that addition of aromatic species to fuel lowers the overall reactivity. The non-catalytic reaction was also simulated using Chemkin software to determine the effect of the Rh catalyst on the combustor performance. The results revealed that the catalyst promotes total oxidation over partial oxidation, and lowers the global activation energy by up to 70%.

Michael Randazzo, Anthony Kanelidis, Sara Kalantari et al.

Circulation • 2024

Introduction: Assessment of invasive hemodynamics is a critical aspect of heart failure (HF) management influencing treatment decisions. However, standard metrics including intracardiac filling pressures and cardiac output do not consistently predict clinical outcomes. The myocardial performance score (MPS) is a novel hemodynamic parameter that combines myocardial power and efficiency into a single variable. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of MPS and assess whether it can improve risk stratification compared to traditional measures. Methods: All patients who underwent isolated right heart catheterization for chronic, or acute on chronic HF between 2013-2019 at our institution were retrospectively analyzed. MPS is calculated as [aortic pulsatility index (API) x cardiac power output (CPO)]/2. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of death or need for left ventricular assist device or heart transplant over a two-year period. MPS thresholds of 0.5 and 1.0 were selected from prior analyses showing declining efficiency less than 0.5 in addition to balanced power and efficiency greater than 1.0. Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated with statistical significance determined by log-rank tests. Results: A total of 709 patients (60±14 years; 54% male) were included, of which 102 (14%) had an MPS<0.5, 169 (24%) had an MPS between 0.5-1.0, and 438 (62%) had an MPS≥1.0. Of the 607 patients with an MPS≥0.5, 379 (62%) demonstrated freedom from the composite endpoint compared to 37 (36%) patients with an MPS<0.5 (p<0.0001). An intermediate MPS (0.5≤MPS<1.0) conveyed significantly greater freedom compared to patients with a low MPS<0.5 (57% vs 36%; p<0.001), yet lower freedom compared to those with a high MPS≥1.0 (57% vs. 66%, p<0.05). An MPS<0.5 demonstrated superior risk stratification with an odds ratio for the composite endpoint at two years of 3.1 compared to 1.8 for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure>15 mmHg and cardiac index<2.0 L/min/m 2 estimated by Fick equation or thermodilution (Figure). Conclusions: MPS is a novel, advanced hemodynamic measurement that outperforms current invasive hemodynamic parameters in accurately predicting long-term clinical outcomes in all patients with heart failure.

Guangying Wang, yu xiangbin, Ning Li

• 2022

In this letter, a low-complexity suboptimal joint beamforming and power allocation (PA) design scheme for distributed multiple-input multiple-output (D-MIMO) system is proposed. With the objective of maximizing energy efficiency (EE), the developed suboptimal joint scheme can provide closed-form expressions of PA and beamforming. Compared with the existing schemes, the proposed suboptimal joint scheme needs no iterative calculation and yields a lower complexity. Moreover, it can achieve excellent EE quite close to that of the existing algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed joint scheme.

Machmud Effendy, Nuralif Mardiyah, Khusnul Hidayat

Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology • 2018

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique to maximize the power output of photovoltaic (PV). Therefore, to achieve higher PV efficiency, the development of MPPT control algorithm is necessary. Recently, it was revealed that fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is better than other control algorithms and is possible toe developed. This study fabricated and implemented MPPT based on the proposed a new FLC. Input Calculator (IC) via sensors reads current and voltage of PV and generates the comparison of voltage and current of PV, then IC output becomes fuzzy algorithm input. Fuzzy algorithm produces duty cycle that drives synchronous buck converter. The result showed that MPPT system with proposed FLC method has 99.1% efficiency while MPPT system with P8O method has 95.5% efficiency. From the obtained result, it can be concluded that the MPPT based on the proposed FLC can increase the overall efficiency of the system to 99.3%.

, Aschalew Arega, Durga Prasad Sharma

International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science • 2025

The use of cloud computing, particularly virtualized infrastructure, offers scalable resources, reduced hardware needs, and energy savings. In Ethiopian public hospitals, the lack of integrated healthcare systems and a national data repository, combined with existing systems deficiencies and inefficient traditional data centers, contribute to energy inefficiency, carbon emissions, and performance issues. Thus, evaluating the energy efficiency and performance of a cloud-based model with various workloads and algorithms is essential for its successful implementation in healthcare systems and digital health solutions. The study experimentally evaluates a cloud-based model's energy efficiency and performance for smart healthcare systems, employing descriptive and experimental designs to simulate cloud infrastructure. Simulations are conducted on diverse workloads in CloudSim using power-aware (PA) algorithms (along with VmAllocationPolicy and VmSelectionPolicy), and dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS). Results reveal that the number of VMs and their migrations significantly impact energy consumption, with some algorithms achieving notable energy savings. Lr/Lrr-based algorithms are particularly energy-efficient, with LrMc and LrrMc saving 29.36% more energy than IqrMu at 55 VMs, and LrrRs saving 30.20% more at 1,765 VMs. DVFS adjusts energy consumption based on the number of VMs, while non-power-aware (NPA) consumes maximum energy based on hosts, regardless of the number of VMs. VM migrations, energy consumption, and average SLAV are positively correlated, while SLA is negatively correlated with these factors. In PlanetLab, energy consumption and average SLAV show a strong positive correlation (0.956) at Workload6, while SLA at Workload2 and average SLAV at Workload1 show a weak negative correlation (-0.055). Excessive migrations can disrupt the system's stability/performance and cause SLA violations. Task completion time is influenced by VM processing power and cloudlet length, being inversely proportional to VM processing power and directly proportional to cloudlet length. Overall, the findings suggest that cloud virtualization and energy-efficient algorithms can enhance healthcare systems performance, patient care, and operational sustainability.

Tsutomu Ioroi, Kazuaki Yasuda

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2015

To utilize fluctuating renewable energy stably and effectively, large-scale energy storage systems such as Li-ion, redox-flow and Na-S batteries have been extensively studied. Battery storage system have advantages of high efficiency in energy utilization and rapid response for energy demand, however initial system cost tend to be expensive. Electrochemical hydrogen production and storage is recently attracting attentions as another practical technology because of high energy efficiency of electrochemical water splitting, relatively low technological barrier for large-scale storage, and ease of long-term energy storage and long-range transport without self-discharge. Regenerative fuel cell is an energy storage system using hydrogen as an energy medium. In particular, reversible (unitized) regenerative fuel cells (RFCs) can be functioned both as water electrolyzer and fuel cell in the same electrochemical cell by switching the operation mode, so that much more compact and cheaper system could be realized. In the PEM-type RFC, unsupported platinum/iridium-based catalysts are usually selected in terms of activity and stability for both operation modes. Loading amount of platinum group metals (PGMs) of RFC is relatively high (typically >1 mg cm -2 ) compared to the fuel cell dedicated system due to stability issue at high potentials during OER. Therefore, reducing PGM loadings without expense of performance and durability is high priority to meet the capital cost of the systems. To reduce the PGM loadings of oxygen electrode of RFC, we examined electro-conductive Magneli phase titanium oxides (in particular Ti 4 O 7 ) as a catalyst support material [1,2]. High surface area oxide support was prepared by UV laser technique; TiO 2 nano particles dispersed in an appropriate solvent (typically acetonitrile) are reduced by pulsed UV laser irradiation [3]. Pt, Ir, and Pt-Ir alloy nano particles were deposited on the oxide support, and their electrocatalytic activities were examined by rotating disk electrode and MEA. Ti 4 O 7 -supported Pt catalyst showed 3 times larger electrochemical active area (ECA) than that of commercially available Pt black, and 2.9 and 2.4-fold mass activity was obtained for ORR@0.9V and OER@1.7V, respectively. Initial ORR/OER cycle durability test was conducted for Pt/Ti 4 O 7 catalyst MEA at 80 o C between >1.8V for OER and <0.8V for ORR, and almost no performance loss was observed. These results show titanium oxide based materials can be applied as RFC catalyst support, which leads to effective use and lowering PGM loading in the oxygen electrode. References 1. G. Chen, S. Bare, T. Mallouk, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 149 , A1092 (2002). 2. T. Ioroi, T. Akita, M. Asahi, S. Yamazaki, Z. Siroma, N. Fujiwara, K. Yasuda, J. Power Sources , 223 , 183 (2013). 3. T. Ioroi, H. Kageyama, T. Akita, K. Yasuda, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 12 , 7529 (2010).

Yang Yang, Tianyu Liu, Xun Zhu et al.

Advanced Science • 2016

A 3D nitrogen‐doped graphene aerogel (N‐GA) as an anode material for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is reported. Electron microscopy images reveal that the N‐GA possesses hierarchical porous structure that allows efficient diffusion of both bacterial cells and electron mediators in the interior space of 3D electrode, and thus, the colonization of bacterial communities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements further show that nitrogen doping considerably reduces the charge transfer resistance and internal resistance of GA, which helps to enhance the MFC power density. Importantly, the dual‐chamber milliliter‐scale MFC with N‐GA anode yields an outstanding volumetric power density of 225 ± 12 W m −3 normalized to the total volume of the anodic chamber (750 ± 40 W m −3 normalized to the volume of the anode). These power densities are the highest values report for milliliter‐scale MFCs with similar chamber size (25 mL) under the similar measurement conditions. The 3D N‐GA electrode shows great promise for improving the power generation of MFC devices.

Hengjing Yan, John M. Regan

Biotechnology and Bioengineering • 2012

Abstract Single‐chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with nitrifiers pre‐enriched at the air cathodes have previously been demonstrated as a passive strategy for integrating nitrogen removal into current‐generating bioelectrochemical systems. To further define system design parameters for this strategy, we investigated in this study the effects of oxygen diffusion area and COD/N ratio in continuous‐flow reactors. Doubling the gas diffusion area by adding an additional air cathode or a diffusion cloth significantly increased the ammonia and COD removal rates (by up to 115% and 39%), ammonia removal efficiency (by up to 134%), the cell voltage and cathode potentials, and the power densities (by a factor of approximately 2). When the COD/N ratio was lowered from 13 to 3, we found up to 244% higher ammonia removal rate but at least 19% lower ammonia removal efficiency. An increase of COD removal rate by up to 27% was also found when the COD/N ratio was lowered from 11 to 3. The Coulombic efficiency was not affected by the additional air cathode, but decreased by an average of 11% with the addition of a diffusion cloth. Ammonia removal by assimilation was also estimated to understand the ammonia removal mechanism in these systems. These results showed that the doubling of gas diffusion area enhanced N and COD removal rates without compromising electrochemical performance. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 785–791. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Abdullah Almatouq, Akintunde Babatunde

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health • 2016

This study investigated the mechanism and key factors influencing concurrent phosphorus (P) recovery and energy generation in microbial fuel cells (MFC) during wastewater treatment. Using a mediator-less dual chamber microbial fuel cell operated for 120 days; P was shown to precipitate as struvite when ammonium and magnesium chloride solutions were added to the cathode chamber. Monitoring data for chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and aeration flow rate showed that a maximum 38% P recovery was achieved; and this corresponds to 1.5 g/L, pH > 8, −550 ± 10 mV and 50 mL/min respectively, for COD, pHcathode, ORP and cathode aeration flow rate. More importantly, COD and aeration flow rate were shown to be the key influencing factors for the P recovery and energy generation. Results further show that the maximum P recovery corresponds to 72 mW/m2 power density. However, the energy generated at maximum P recovery was not the optimum; this shows that whilst P recovery and energy generation can be concurrently achieved in a microbial fuel cell, neither can be at the optimal value.

Martin Prokop, Miroslav Hala, Martin Vesely et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2024

Hydrogen mobility represents a progressive, low carbon imprint option for the replacement of internal combustion engines. A core of this technology is low-temperature fuel cell with proton-exchange membrane (LTPEMFC), using hydrogen and atmospheric oxygen as fuel and oxidant, respectively. The membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) which makes up a cell consists of polymer electrolyte membrane, cathodic and anodic catalyst layers and carbon-based porous gas-diffusion layers. LTPEMFC require Pt catalyst on both the anode and the cathode in non-negligible total amount, increasing investing costs for stack unit. In order to maximise fuel cell performance, the formation of three-phase boundary has to be achieved during deposition of catalyst layers, interconnecting Pt nanoparticles on carbon support and ionomer with membrane in complex, porous structure. The quality of catalyst layer determines to high degree final MEA performance. Catalyst layers can be deposited either on gas-diffusion layers or onto the membrane, with latter being considered a more advantageous and feasible approach. Deposition itself can be realised by various methods, including airbrush spraying, decal printing, doctor blade deposition from paste and, most often used nowadays, ultrasonically-assisted spray coating. Each of these methods brings its own advantages and disadvantages, though the common problem of these methods is low suitability for serial production. On the other hand, the quality of so-prepared catalyst layers is sufficient. Methods for large-capacity coating of catalyst layers, especially roll-to-roll technology have exactly opposite pros and cons, high output but unsatisfactory layer quality. An interesting alternative to state-of-the-art catalyst layer fabrication procedures is inkjet printing. Inkjet printing is a well-established technology, though the application in LTPEMFC field brings various issues, mainly connected to quality of layers and prevention of nozzle-clogging during the deposition. Solving of these issues, however, will result in technology suitable for catalyst layer printing, combining high production throughput, very good reproducibility, minimal losses of the ink, suitability to additive manufacturing and possibility of printing specific geometries with gradient layer thickness. Accordingly, the goal of this study is the comparison of catalyst layers, deposited onto the membrane by ultrasonically-assisted spray coating and inkjet printing, in terms of morphology, electric conductivity, permeability and performance in LTPEMFC, using commercially-available materials for layer fabrication. Catalyst layers of the same composition and Pt loading were deposited by either ultrasonically-assisted spray coating or inkjet printing onto FTO conductive glass for the determination of electric conductivity, onto gas-diffusion layer for permeability determination in Loschmidt cell and FIB-SEM morphology studies and onto the membrane for the fabrication of MEA and evaluation of its performance in LTPEMFC. Characterisation of layers deposited on materials above underlined feasibility of inkjet printing for catalyst layer fabrication. In comparison with sprayed layers, layers prepared by inkjet printing tend to be thinner, more homogenous and compact. This results in superior electric conductivity but lower permeability at the same time. Single cell tests proved that performance of inkjet-printed layers is at least on par with sprayed ones, surpassing them with optimised ink composition and Pt loading. Overall, inkjet printing technology is a highly attractive technology for industrial catalyst layer production with great possibilities for contributing to decrease LTPEMFC unit’s investment costs. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 958174. This project is co-financed from the state budget by the Technology agency of the Czech Republic under the M-ERA.Net Programme, project No. TH80020006. This work was supported by the project "The Energy Conversion and Storage", funded as project No. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004617 by Programme Johannes Amos Commenius, call Excellent Research. This project is co-financed with tax funds on the basis of the budget passed by the Saxon state parliament.

Leanne L. Su, Parker J. Roberts, Tate M. Gill et al.

Journal of Propulsion and Power • 2024

The performance of a magnetically shielded Hall thruster operating on xenon and krypton is characterized at discharge current densities up to 10 times greater than its nominal level. A thrust stand and far-field probe suite are employed to evaluate operation at 300 V discharge voltage and discharge currents from 15 to 125 A (xenon) and from 15 to 150 A (krypton). The thrust, specific impulse, and anode efficiency at the highest currents are found to be [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] respectively for xenon, and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] for krypton. The thrust density at the highest conditions are shown to be six (xenon) and eight (krypton) times higher than the lowest current condition. A maximum in anode efficiency as a function of discharge current is observed for both gases. This is attributed to a trade between mass utilization, which increases to unity with current, and beam utilization, which gradually decreases with current. The dependence of these efficiency modes on current is discussed in the context of a series of first-principles scaling laws. The observation that efficiency only moderately decreases with current density is examined in the context of high-power electric propulsion development.

Habtamu Getachew Tegegne

Research Square • 2022

Abstract The study examines the role of intellectual capital efficiency and its components on financial performance of commercial banks. To achieve study objectives Pulic 1998 value added intellectual coefficient is adopted to measure the effect of intellectual capital efficiency. The study adopted explanatory research design with arrangement of secondary data analysis via document analysis, quantitative approach, and deductive method of inquiry. Panel data used with a sample of 13 banks over the study period 2010/11-2017/18. Descriptive and regression analysis were performed to analyze the data using STATA 12. Econometric model estimation procedures and multiple regression assumptions were tested accordingly. The fixed effect regression result revealed that human capital efficiency has positive significant associated with financial performance. Whereas, capital employed efficiency and structural capital efficiency was positive and negative insignificant impact on financial performance. While, the random effect regression result also proposed value added intellectual capital and bank size have positively associated with financial performance. However, bank specific factors (Tangibility of asset and Leverage) and Macroeconomic factors (Gross domestic product and Inflation) have positive and negative respectively, but statically insignificant with financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia.

Kiho Bae, Dong Young Jang, Ho-Sung Noh et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2015

Perovskite protonic ceramics, or proton-conducting oxides, have attracted much attention in recent decades as alternative electrolytes for conventional solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Protonic ceramics have higher ionic conductivity and lower activation energy in SOFCs’ low operating temperature region (under 600°C) than oxide-ion-conducting oxides. Recently, many attempts have been made to enhance fuel cell performance by adopting thin-film protonic ceramics as electrolytes. In this work, anode-supported thin-film protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) were fabricated with thin-film yttrium-doped barium zirconate (BZY, BaZr 0.85 Y 0.15 O 3-δ ), which is one of the best-performing protonic ceramics with high bulk ion conductivity and good chemical stability. However, this material possesses poor sinterability, resulting in severe grain separation and a dramatic increase in ohmic overpotential from slow ion transport. In this work, we have applied novel multi-step annealing processes to achieve the densification of the BZY electrolytes, good adhesion between layers, and effective grain growth of the supporting composites. The NiO-BZY composite anode support was fabricated by tape casting and the BZY electrolyte was deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with a thickness of 2 μm. A perovskite cathode material of La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 3-δ (LSC) was formed porously by PLD with a thickness of 2 μm. The microstructures of the fabricated PCFCs were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performance in terms of current–voltage characteristics was obtained, and the maximum power output of 320‒530 mW/cm 2 was measured at 450‒600°C. The alternating current (AC) impedance data were collected under DC bias conditions at each operating temperature and analyzed to determine the resistive factors for the power outputs.

Tanmay Shukla, Mirza Jawad Baig, Kaushal Kishor Ahirwar et al.

IET Electric Power Applications • 2023

Abstract An approach is presented to employ two different types of converters in bridgeless configuration for supply side power factor enhancement of the system. The isolated single‐stage electric vehicle battery charger uses two different converters in a bridgeless configuration to extract the advantages of both converters for supply‐side power factor enhancement. For the negative and positive semi‐cycles of the supply voltage, the power factor‐enhanced asymmetrical alternating current–direct current converter utilises a fourth order single‐ended primary‐inductor converter and a second order buck‐boost converter, respectively. The use of single‐ended primary‐inductor converter and buck‐boost converter in bridgeless configuration reduces the net order of the system with respect to conventional bridgeless‐single‐ended primary‐inductor converter schemes. The buck‐boost converter also needs the supply‐side filter to eradicate the unwanted harmonics in the supply current which increases the order of the system. The usage of both converters presents many benefits like input inductance of the single‐ended primary‐inductor converter can be utilised as a filtering element with a capacitor for the buck‐boost converter. The anti‐parallel diode conduction operation of both switches facilitates the elimination of extra reverse feed diodes (generally used in bridgeless schemes). The single‐stage charger itself comes with the benefit of elimination of extra stages and thus the losses associated with it. The presented charger also witnesses the elimination of the rectifier due to usage of bridgeless configuration. The isolated single‐stage electric vehicle battery charger is also garnished with electrical isolation which adds to the safety standard of the system. To attain power factor enhancement, the asymmetrical alternating current–direct current converter functions in discontinuous current conduction mode in the present work. The elimination of extra‐stages (with respect to two stage charger), a filter, a rectifier, two extra reverse‐feeding diodes, one voltage sensor, one current sensor (with respect to continuous current conduction mode), and electrical isolation not only makes the system compact and safer but also makes the system cheaper. Elaborated mathematical modelling and stability analysis of the presented alternating current–direct current converter using a pole‐zero map and bode plot have been included in the article. The prototype and MATLAB/Simulink model of isolated single‐stage electric vehicle battery charger system with discontinuous current conduction mode control has been built and results of both prototype and MATLAB/Simulink are deployed to verify isolated single‐stage electric vehicle battery charger system's performance during dynamic and steady‐state conditions.

Filippos Anagnostopoulos

Open Access Government • 2022

Pay-for-Performance schemes to trigger energy efficiency investments Filippos Anagnostopoulos, Senior Associate for the Institute for European Energy and Climate Policy (IEECP), discusses the role of Pay-for-Performance schemes to increase the scale and effectiveness of energy efficiency financing. The principle of Pay-for-Performance schemes, or P4P, is that payments for energy efficiency should be made according to the performance of implemented measures. Using advanced measurement and verification (M&V) methods, the energy savings resulting from applied measures become a measurable quantity – essentially: an energy efficiency meter.

, Hans E. Wettstein

Proceedings of Global Power & Propulsion Society • 2024

Historically wet steam expansion cycles were used in the first reciprocating steam engines. Then such cycles disappeared in favor of superheated cycles. However, wet cycles had a remarkable revival and dominate today’s nuclear power plants with around 10% of the world’s electricity production from 440 reactors in the year 2023. And this is combined with great future growth prospects. Such plants with electric power output of up to 1700MW have complicated arrangements for managing the large specific volumes (with multi-pass solutions), steam and condensed water extractions for both managing the water droplet content in the working steam and for feed water preheating. The intention of this paper is exploring a concept to assess the averaged thermodynamic quality of the used steam expansion system architecture. This is offered by the definition of an “averaged polytropic expansion efficiency”, which can be derived from five given quantities of a plant. This paper shows how to derive such numbers, which represent exactly the achieved share of the maximal thermodynamically possible power output for the given steam admission state and the condensation condition in contrast to any other efficiency definition. The historic background of such cycles is summarized and example numbers for understanding its “averaged polytropic expansion efficiency” with the need-to-know hints are indicated.

Bipin Neupane

Preprints.org • 2025

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are essential for identifying genetic loci associated with complex traits, but the choice of statistical method significantly influences performance. This study systematically compared eight GWAS methods (GLM, MLM, CMLM, SUPER, MLMM, ECMLM, FarmCPU, and BLINK) in wheat, using simulated phenotypic data across 12 replicates to assess statistical power, false discovery rate (FDR), Type I error control, and computational efficiency. Phenotypes were simulated with a heritability of 0.7 and 10 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) using genotypic data from 110 wheat accessions with 5,587 SNPs. Results indicated that multi-locus methods, particularly MLMM, FarmCPU, and BLINK, outperformed single-locus approaches, achieving higher power at lower FDR thresholds (MLMM: 0.434 at FDR = 0.0003; FarmCPU: 0.309 at FDR = 0.0007) and better Type I error control (MLMM: 0.943 at Type I error = 0.033; BLINK: 0.749 at Type I error = 0.073). MLMM exhibited the highest area under the curve (AUC) for power versus FDR (0.164 ± 0.105) and Type I error (0.823 ± 0.045), while FarmCPU and BLINK demonstrated superior computational efficiency, with runtimes of 10.03 ± 4.37 and 10.61 ± 3.67 seconds, respectively, compared to CMLM (52.86 ± 1.37 seconds). Manhattan and QQ plots confirmed better false positive control and p-value calibration for MLMM, FarmCPU, and BLINK. Conversely, traditional mixed models (MLM, CMLM) showed higher Type I error rates, and GLM exhibited elevated false positives. These findings underscore the robustness of multi-locus methods for wheat GWAS, particularly for traits with moderate to high heritability, and provide actionable guidelines for method selection, emphasizing MLMM for maximal power, FarmCPU for balanced performance, and BLINK for rapid, large-scale analyses. However, limitations in modeling polygenic traits and epistatic interactions, alongside wheat’s high linkage disequilibrium and polyploid nature, highlight the need for further research across diverse genetic architectures.

Jialong Zhou, Jinhai Jiang, Fulin Fan et al.

Energies • 2024

Fuel cells, as clean and efficient energy conversion devices, hold great potential for applications in the fields of hydrogen-based transportation and stand-alone power systems. Due to their sensitivity to load parameters, environmental parameters, and gas supply, the performance monitoring and fault diagnosis of fuel cell systems have become crucial research areas. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely applied analytical method in fuel cell systems. that can provide rich information about dynamic system responses, internal impedance, and transmission characteristics. Currently, EIS detection is primarily implemented by using simple topologies such as boost circuits. However, the injection of excitation signals often results in significant power fluctuations, leading to issues such as uneven temperature distributions within the cell, unstable gas supply, and damage to the proton exchange membrane. To address this issue, this paper proposes a real-time EIS detection technique for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system that connects a lithium-ion battery and injects the load voltage perturbation through a triple active bridge (TAB) converter. By applying the small-signal model of the TAB converter and designing a system controller using a decoupling control method, the PEMFC power remains stable after the disturbance injection across the entire frequency range under tests. Furthermore, the lithium-ion battery can instantly track load changes during fluctuations. The proposed EIS detection method can acquire EIS data in real time to monitor the state of the PEMFC. Simulation results validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method for EIS detection.

Wojciech Tutak, Arkadiusz Jamrozik, Ákos Bereczky et al.

Transport • 2018

The paper presents the results of the investigation of Dual Fuel (DF) diesel engines powered by high bioethanol contain fuel – E85. The object of the investigation is a three-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powered by diesel oil and bioethanol fuel E85 injected into the intake port as a DF engine. With the increase in the share of E85 fuel the highest intensification of the combustion process takes place in the main stage of the combustion and the ignition delay increases as well. The researchers are conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method; the results of the investigation are successfully verified based on the indicator diagrams, heat performance rate and emissions. Based on CFD results the cross sections investigation of the combustion chamber it can be seen that in case of the DF engine, the flame front propagates with a higher speed. The initial phase of the combustion starts in a different location of the combustion chamber than in the classic CI engine. Replacement of diesel fuel by E85 in 20% resulted in the shortening of the combustion duration more than 2-times. With the increase of energetic share in E85 the soot emission is decreased at all ranges of the analysed operations of the engine. The oppositerelationship was observed in case of NO emission. With the increase of E85 in the fuel, the emission of NO increased.

Andreas Vogl, Franz Bischof, Marc Wichern

Water Science and Technology • 2016

The startup of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is known to be prone to failure or result in erratic performance impeding the research. The aim of this study was to advise a quick launch strategy for laboratory-scale MFCs that ensures steady operation performance in a short period of time. Different startup strategies were investigated and compared with membraneless single chamber MFCs. A direct surface-to-surface biofilm transfer (BFT) in an operating MFC proved to be the most efficient method. It provided steady power densities of 163 ± 13 mWm−2 4 days after inoculation compared to 58 ± 15 mWm−2 after 30 days following a conventional inoculation approach. The in situ BFT eliminates the need for microbial acclimation during startup and reduces performance fluctuations caused by shifts in microbial biodiversity. Anaerobic pretreatment of the substrate and addition of suspended enzymes from an operating MFC into the new MFC proved to have a beneficial effect on startup and subsequent operation. Polarization methods were applied to characterize the startup phase and the steady state operation in terms of power densities, internal resistance and power overshoot during biofilm maturation. Applying this method a well-working MFC can be multiplied into an array of identically performing MFCs.

Baoxuan Chen, Yao Sun, Shiming Xie et al.

• 2023

<p>Four-leg current source inverter (4L-CSI) has abilities of zero-sequence current handling, voltage boosting, and output short-circuit protection, but it also has the drawbacks of bulkiness and low efficiency. To address these drawbacks, a three-level buck 4L-CSI (3L-Buck-4L-CSI) topology and a simple and high-efficiency modulation scheme are proposed. Due to the multilevel characteristics of 3L-Buck-4L-CSI, the volume of its DC inductor can be reduced greatly and the DC-link current could respond quickly. The proposed modulation scheme is an algebraic modulation scheme, in which the duty cycles are obtained by solving algebraic equations simply and directly. In addition, it reduces the DC-link current and the switching times compared with the conventional modulation schemes, which greatly improves the efficiency of the converter. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed topology and modulation scheme. </p>

Aatmesh Shrivastava, Benton Calhoun

Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications • 2013

This paper presents a model of inductor based DC-DC converters that can be used to study the impact of power management techniques such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). System level power models of low power systems on chip (SoCs) and power management strategies cannot be correctly established without accounting for the associated overhead related to the DC-DC converters that provide regulated power to the system. The proposed model accurately predicts the efficiency of inductor based DC-DC converters with varying topologies and control schemes across a range of output voltage and current loads. It also accounts for the energy and timing overhead associated with the change in the operating condition of the regulator. Since modern SoCs employ power management techniques that vary the voltage and current loads seen by the converter, accurate modeling of the impact on the converter efficiency becomes critical. We use this model to compute the overall cost of two power distribution strategies for a SoC with multiple voltage islands. The proposed model helps us to obtain the energy benefits of a power management technique and can also be used as a basis for comparison between power management techniques or as a tool for design space exploration early in a SoC design cycle.

Libing Zhu, Jie Ding, Qin Zhou et al.

Volume 3: Nuclear Fuel and Material, Reactor Physics and Transport Theory; Innovative Nuclear Power Plant Design and New Technology Application • 2017

In 1990s the first generation of PWR fuel assembly FA300 was developed in China. With constantly design improvements over the following 20 years, three types of FA300 fuel assemblies have been developed with max fuel assembly average burnup reach 40000 MWd/tU and successfully used in 300MWe PWRs. By now over 1100 fuel assemblies of FA300 series have been successfully operated in three different 300MWe PWRs with satisfied operation reliability. The CAP1400 fuel assembly development program was launched in 2010 which includes new zirconium cladding material development, UO2 pellet development, high performance fuel assembly mechanical structure development, fuel rod performance code and fuel assembly seismic analysis code development, out-of-pile fuel assembly test facility construction and in core irradiation program. The main purpose of CAP1400 fuel assembly development program is to meet the needs of self-sufficient fuel supply to CAP1400 reactor. Based on FA300 and CAP1400 fuel assembly development, a full series of PWR Fuel R&D technology and test system has been successfully established by SNERDI which will continuously support the fuel assembly improving and new type of fuel development. This paper will mainly describe the PWR fuel technology including cladding technology, pellet technology, fuel assembly mechanical design technology, fuel assembly test facility and test technology, fuel rod and fuel assembly code development progress. Furthermore, the development progress of CAP1400 fuel assembly will also be introduced. By now two types of new zirconium alloys have been selected as candidate alloys, all of the out-of pile performance tests have been finished. Both two alloys show good corrosion resistance. Through full series of fuel assembly components performance tests, the fuel assembly has finished design finalization. Most of the fuel assembly mechanical and hydraulic tests will be finished by the end of 2016. The test reactor irradiation program and commercial PWR irradiation program are also on the schedule. After the LTA program and commercial application licensing, the CAP1400 fuel assembly is anticipated to provide adequate burnup capability and operation reliability to CAP1400 reactor in China.

Sonja Klingert, Nils Wilken, Christian Becker

Energy Efficiency • 2020

Abstract To support the grid and integrate renewables, demand response schemes reward the power flexibility of energy consumers. Data centers can profit from this by using power management techniques on all levels of data center architecture: infrastructure, hardware, workload, applications. Even though lately, demand response with data centers has been well researched, most works focus on just one or two techniques and one or two valorization options. This leaves data centers stranded that are not represented by the specific combinations of assumptions and techniques presented in research, and thus a huge potential remains barely touched. To address this challenge, the goal of the presented work is to provide data centers with a framework that can be flexibly instantiated by each data center to assess its individual demand response potential. To achieve this goal, this work presents Sim2Win, a data center simulation framework that can replay any set of different power management strategies in the face of any set of markets for power flexibility. A part of the framework is then instantiated and applied to the workload of a real high-performance data center. It uses workload shifting and frequency scaling in order to market their flexibility on the EPEX spot market and the secondary reserve market in Germany. The results show that by using the inherent flexibility of their power profile on the EPEX spot market the considered data center in 2014 could have earned savings of 7.3% of their power bill.

Akhmad Sidiq, Tulus Subagyo

ELEMEN : JURNAL TEKNIK MESIN • 2023

Peningkatan kebutuhan energi dan kepedulian terhadap lingkungan telah mendorong eksplorasi sumber energi terbarukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja dan desain turbin angin Savonius sebagai alternatif dalam pembangkitan energi listrik. Metode pengukuran kecepatan aliran angin pada sudu turbin menggunakan anemometer, serta dampaknya terhadap potensi pembangkitan energi. Pada aspek desain, penelitian ini menganalisis rangka turbin angin Savonius tipe U dalam hal dimensi, geometri, distribusi tegangan, dan ketahanan material. Simulasi struktural dan perhitungan faktor keamanan dilakukan untuk memastikan rangka turbin mampu menahan beban angin yang diantisipasi tanpa kegagalan. Dalam penelitian ini menghitung daya yang diekstrak dari angin melalui turbin. Dari penelitian ini menghasilkan energi kinetik 26,6 joule dan daya output sebesar 9,60 watt dengan tingkat efisien 5,28%.

Byung-Sun Kim, Soon-Sik Choi

Korean Society of Technical Education and Training • 2020

A photovoltaic inverter achieves maximum power tracking control considering the voltage and current of each string to produce maximum power. However, if the voltage and current characteristics of individual strings, including degraded modules, deteriorate, the total power production during maximum power point tracking(MPPT) control will reduce significantly. Therefore, we want to use the Internet of things(IoT) -based sensors to produce a string containing aging modules and insert a device that compensates for power (IoT-type power compensator with aging PV strings) so that the overall power production can be maximized at all times when controlling MPPT.