Olga Savchenko, Roman Poberezhnyi, Viktoriia Veriutina

Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences) • 2024

The article shows approaches to studying the understanding of the differences between economic development and sustainable development to enhance innovation activity and targeted development of Ukraine's innovative potential based on European experience. The publication is devoted to the peculiarities of forming sustainable development in accordance with the needs of small and medium-sized businesses. Traditionally, economic development was determined by basic indicators; a need arose to study sustainable development, both at the level of national economies and individual enterprises. There was a need for practical solutions. The article presents a comparative analysis of various definitions and approaches to their formation. It is emphasized that fundamental research can only be carried out with the support of the state and industry, which also contributes to the development of this area. It explores and demonstrates how global cooperation can contribute to a better understanding and use of the fundamental principles of sustainable development. It is sustainable development that allows us to shape ecosystems. The need to provide appropriate conditions for the development of entrepreneurial activity is emphasized. The effectiveness of management decision making is discussed and the need to use a proactive approach is determined. In modern conditions, issues of “green sustainable development” are being considered.

O. Bezlyubchenko, T. Apatenko

Municipal economy of cities • 2021

The work is devoted to the consideration of the concepts of the spatial development of the cities of Ukraine taking into account today's specifics of the formation of institutes of their management. The issues discussed in this article are relevant to almost any city in modern Ukraine at the stage of transition of the country from industrial to post-industrial type. Among the most pressing issues are the rational use of territorial resources and environmental security within urban systems. There is also a trend of uneven economic development in urban areas. The solution to this problem is the balanced development of urban space with a diversified economy and infrastructure, as well as high quality of life. The formation of multifunctional urban areas will ensure sustainable spatial development of the city and significantly affect the quality of life. Identifying areas within the city that are inefficiently used and have additional development potential will provide an important resource, which, unlike remote areas, is already provided with transport and engineering infrastructure. Efficient use of territorial resources will allow the formation of a rational compact planning structure of the city. The housing of high quality should be provided with the necessary social and transport infrastructure, be diverse, medium, and multi-story. Comfortable stay of citizens in public spaces involves the integration of public spaces into the cultural life of the city based on the expansion of existing and introduction of new functional content, including the implementation of commercial initiatives and their use in organizing important socio-cultural projects. A comfortable stay in the city largely depends on the architectural appearance of its historic and modern buildings. Existing buildings create the front line of streets, form the environment of public spaces, define the line of the city silhouette. Filling the existing recreational areas included in the system of public spaces with new meanings to citizens.

H. Fomenko

Municipal economy of cities • 2024

When forming bicycle infrastructure development programmes, it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of a particular city and the population’s propensity to improve physical and health conditions. It is also essential to explore the possibility of introducing the bicycle into the urban transport system and using it to travel around the city and transport small loads. In most major cities around the world, the objectives of bicycle infrastructure development are often the tasks of easing the traffic load on the road network and reducing traffic congestion. The article aims at analysing the international experience of forming and developing cycling and infrastructure in cities and cycling tourism. The experience of using bicycle traffic most often begins in cities where cycling is very active, among them Amsterdam and Copenhagen. In the Netherlands, the bike has historically been popular due to the frugality of the Dutch, as well as the flat terrain and small size of the country. Amsterdam has brought the bicycle use level in urban travel to 40% of total trips. Montreal is the most bicycle-friendly city in North America. Cars still dominate there, but despite the hilly terrain and cold and snowy winters, the city is actively developing bicycle infrastructure and culture. The programme to bring bicycling back to the streets of Beijing deserves special attention. As recently as 45 years ago, the bicycle was a primary means of transportation in China. In the 1990s, the automobile became a symbol of success and affluence, and city governments began restricting bicycle traffic to allow cars to pass. A 2002 report by the Beijing Institute of Transportation included special measures to limit the use of bicycles and other forms of ‘inadequate transportation’. By 2009, the city banned non-motorised vehicles from 10% of its streets. The document ‘Sustainable Future of Cycling’ in the UK presents the results of the Cycling England programmes, which aim to promote cycling and increase the number of cyclists. There are separate cycling infrastructure development strategies for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Many cities in Ukraine have developed a concept of bicycle infrastructure development. The main direction is the creation of a complete bicycle infrastructure in cities, which will improve traffic safety, lower traffic jams in large cities, and certainly contribute to reducing hazardous harmful emissions into the air. Keywords: urban planning, transportation, cycling infrastructure, traffic safety, environment, health improvement.

V. Reshetilo

Municipal economy of cities • 2020

The problems of formation of new institutional conditions of territorial alignment in the context of the need for transition of the country to inclusive development, which requires the inclusion of all members of society in socio-economic processes and their humanization, are investigated. It has been determined that inclusive development has broader goals than GDP growth, and aims at compre-hensive human development, increasing its well-being and reducing poverty and inequality, and requires active participation in the human resource economy. It is revealed that the economic literature covers the concepts of "inclusive growth", "inclusive innovation", "inclusive development", "inclusive economy", etc. There are also many definitions of the term "inclusive develop-ment". Thus, World Bank scholars have identified: inclusive development is the sustainable rapid development of all sectors of the economy, which attracts a large part of the country's labor resources and is characterized by equal access to the labor market and resources. The priority of inclusive development is to improve the quality of life of the population through the formation of a high-employment economy and a society with a minimal separation. Achieving these goals is not possible only through the efforts of the state. They should be shifted to the regional level, but subject to effective regional policy, expansion of local authority, creation of financial conditions for innovative development of regions. The importance of strategic state regulation of regional development, which has to be systematic, indirect and advisory, needs to be clearly defined strategic goals and objectives of long-term socio-economic development, development of anti-crisis state policy, establishment of optimal ratio of all branches of power, support of regional economic security, proven implementation of fiscal and monetary policy, non-interference in the operational activities of local authorities. Such important factors as achievement of the goals of inclusive development are considered, as decentraliza-tion in management and development of regions, features of "domestic model of decentralization", formation of new institutional unit - united territorial communities and formation of their innovative structures, and directions of development of effective economic policy of the state and regions. to implement the concept of inclusive development. Keywords: territorial alignment, inclusive development, institutional transformations, decentralization in governance and development of regions, integrated territorial communities, economic policy, integrated regional programs.

Naning Fatmawatie, Nilna Fauza, Elma Nur Rohmah

Management and Economic Journal (MEC-J) • 2020

The National Zakat Index is a measure of performance in zakat management. With good zakat management performance, it is expected to support the implementation of sustainable development goals (SDGs). The purpose of the study was to analyze the performance of zakat management in the City of Kediri BAZNAS based on the IZN approach and analyze its implications for SDGs' achievement. This research uses a mixed-methods approach. Non-statistical quantitative methods and non-parametric qualitative methods. The results of this study in the 2019 value of IZN is not good. Macro dimension values with index are not acceptable. Besides, the database of zakat institutions is not good. Furthermore, the micro dimension, the performance of BAZNAS in Kediri City, is quite good. The influence of the performance of zakat management on the achievement of SDGs using the ANP method. Namely, the zakat program clusters occupy the priority of the Kediri program care, besides that the SDGs cluster is without poverty. The reason is the principle of zakat distribution in the City Board of Kediri prioritizing daruriyah (primary needs). Furthermore, the preferred strategy is cooperation with the government and stakeholders.

Zhengjian Zhang, Xiaojuan Wang, Hongyue Yan et al.

Research Square • 2021

Abstract Adsorption of cellulase on fibers is a key factor in determining its efficiency on fiber treatment and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation. Different adsorption behavior, treatment efficiency and performance of MFC and MFC film were observed due to the different properties of cellulases. Herein, bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (BHKP) was pretreated by complex cellulase (D cellulase) and endocellulase (R cellulase) with different dosages for MFC preparation. Enzyme activity, adsorption ratio, adsorption kinetics and adsorption thermodynamic of the two cellulases were comprehensively studied, and the impacts of the cellulase pretreatment on the properties of MFC and MFC film were investigated. The results showed that D cellulase possessed higher adsorption ratio than R cellulase, but R cellulase demonstrated higher adsorption rate than D cellulase. High temperature discouraged the adsorption of the two cellulases because of their exothermic natures. The crystallinity index (CrI), specific surface area (SSA) and morphology of MFC were tuned by the combination of two cellulases at different dosages. The CrI of MFC treated by D cellulase and R cellulase increased from 40.45% to 66.50% and 66.67% respectively when the cellulase dosage was 10 U/g. The elongation at break (E) and tensile strength (TS) of MFC film treated by D cellulase were decreased first and then increased slightly, but the MFC film treated by R cellulase decreased continuously. The MFC film prepared by D cellulase possessed the best barrier property at 20 U/g and the corresponding oxygen permeability coefficient was 4.37×10 -14 cm 3 ·cm/cm 2 ·s·Pa. However, the oxygen permeability coefficient of MFC film pretreated by R cellulase at a dosage of 10 U/g was 4.13×10 -14 cm 3 ·cm/cm 2 ·s·Pa. This work shows that R cellulase was more suitable than D cellulase for BHKP pretreatment to prepare MFC film.

Mohamad Yusuf Golam, Mitra Akhtari, KMT Lasmiatun

Multifinance • 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the public sector's involvement in local empowerment economies as well as the implementation of policies for micro and small businesses. The research method used is qualitative research. Qualitative research is a research method used to understand social phenomena in depth. This type of research is literature study research, which researchers carry out by collecting, studying, and analyzing references or sources obtained in written or written form, such as books, journals, articles, documents, and other sources of information that are significant to the topic or title being researched. The study's findings show that empowering the local economy, particularly through support for micro and small businesses (UMK), plays a critical role in increasing economic growth and sustainable development in Indonesia. MSEs don't only become a bone-back economy locally by creating fieldwork and contributing to domestic income, but they also strengthen the resilience economy area to change the global economy. Apart from that, MSEs also play a role in strengthening identity culture and the local sustainability environment with produce-rooted goods and services in inheritance culture and local traditions. Empowering the local economy through support for MSEs involves not only increasing access to sources of power but also empowering the public to play a role in their development.

Xutong Ma, Yong Xu

Research Square • 2021

Abstract The probiotic strain of Bacillus subtilis presents a promising application potential for the value-added bio-utilization of lignocellulosic carbohydrates. By the combined acidolysis pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, hemicellulose and cellulose constituents of corncob were efficiently converted respectively into fermentable C5 and C6 sugars, mainly including xylose and glucose. B. subtilis grew well in xylose solution while it was hindered completely in the acidolysis broth because of the bio-toxicity of degraded chemicals derived from corncob. A mixed-fermentation technique was therefore developed and performed to blend the acidolysis broth and enzymatic hydrolysis slurry together, by which C5 and C6 sugar molecules were successfully fermented and efficiently utilized for the growth of B. subtilis cells with a yield of 0.33 g cells/g sugar consumed. A net amount of 186.1 ± 0.9 g of B. subtilis powder was obtained from 1000 g of corncob that could improve the economic benefits of the process to around 5–7 times.

Anjali Khajuria, Abhinay Thakur, Rahul Datta

Waste Valorization for Value-added Products • 2023

During the last few decades, food remains a primary concern throughout the world as it is depleting day by day. On the other side, its residual waste is accumulating over time. Around one-third of food produced for human consumption is wasted which escalates the environmental issues and ecological burden. Management of waste food by current methods is cost-ineffective with adverse impacts on the environment. Therefore, attempts have been made to convert food waste into high-value by-products. Being a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, sugars, and fats, it acts as a potential source for high-value products. The organic nature of food makes it a raw material for industries related to biofuel, bioactive compounds, prebiotics, livestock food, and biodegradable plastics. Bioconversion of food waste into valuable products not only provides economic advantage but reduces stress on landfills. The valorization of low-cost, abundantly available food waste into biofuel can decrease the demand for fossil fuels and economic loss for their manufacturing. Minimum food wastage and re-utilization of wasted food can be a sustainable approach to combating this problem. In this chapter, various techniques used for bioconversion and the valuable products produced by waste food processing have been discussed with their prospects. 

Martison Budu, Patrick Boakye, Joseph Asankomah Bentil

Preprints.org • 2023

In light of the hazardous effects of global warming brought on by climate change, bioethanol production is one of the key alternatives in which the world has expressed a great deal of interest. Two factors—indigenous production and price—are crucial for bioethanol to be appealing in Africa and, for that matter, Ghana. The objective of this research is to produce bioethanol from cheap lignocellulosic materials using onsite enzymes produced from cassava peels degrading fungi. Due to Ghana's prominent position as one of the leading cassava producers in the world, the study focused on utilizing cassava peels, which are underutilized in the country. The research was conducted in multiple stages. In the first stage, the peels were prepared by washing, drying, and manually crushing them using mortar and pestle. The second stage involved analyzing the chemical composition of the peels, including starch and insoluble fibre, which were determined as Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), and Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL). The results showed significant levels of cellulose (39.78%) and starch (31.21%), indicating that cassava peels are valuable raw materials for bioethanol production. The content of hemicellulose (21.11%) and lignin (3.84%) were also determined. In the third stage, using a Petri dish, three fungi (ICPF1, ICPF2, and ICPF3) were isolated from two different cassava peels. ICPF1 was only identified from fresh cassava peels (FCP), while all three fungi were identified from decayed cassava peels (DCP). Morphologically, these fungi were identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The fourth stage focused on optimizing the enzyme activity of the three isolates for potential applications, with A. niger demonstrating the highest enzyme activity with a diameter of zone of clearance of 16 mm. Stage five involved optimizing the production of the onsite enzyme in a 50ml flask using A. niger, basal salt medium (BSM), and cassava peels as a substrate. The DNSA method was used to measure the absorbance of maltose and glucose at 540 nm for various substrate concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, 8%, and 10%) at specific intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days with a spore concentration of 2.1 x 105 cells/ml. The maltose and glucose concentrations were calculated as 7.138mg/ml and 6.398 mg/ml, respectively, and the corresponding enzyme activity was determined as 4.759U/ml and 4.265U/ml. The optimal conditions of Day 4 and a substrate concentration of 10%, along with a fixed temperature of 30°C and a pH of 5.5, were used to prepare the onsite enzymes in a 500 ml flask for the fermentation process. The onsite enzymes were used for saccharification and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation under simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. A mixture of 20 ml of onsite enzymes and 1.5 g of S. cerevisiae were added to substrate concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20%, and the ethanol concentration was analyzed daily for 7 days using Gas Chromatography (GC). The highest ethanol concentration (1.316%) was observed on Day 5 with a substrate concentration of 20%, while the lowest concentration (0.123%) was recorded on Day 1 with a substrate concentration of 5%.

Bagus Dadang Prasetiyo, Qomariyatus Sholihah, Aulanni'am Aulanni'am, et al.

Financial Engineering • 2025

Food waste is a social problem because it can impact food security. What's more, food waste generated by hospitals is one of the highest in the food service sector. The aim of this research is to examine the potential for bioconversion of hospital food waste into raw materials for animal feed and raw materials for fertilizer. The food waste obtained is in the form of rice and non-rice sourced from hospital inpatient facilities. The data analysis carried out was Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by modeling using WarpPLS Path Analysis. H. illucens or Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae are used as food waste bioreactor media. The results obtained are that BSF larvae that consume food waste in the form of rice and non-rice can be used as alternative raw materials for animal feed and raw materials for making fertilizer, but do not meet the C/N ratio standard. Utilizing H. illucens for managing organic waste is a creative solution that can be implemented. This raises the potential to reduce methane gas emissions and make a positive contribution to sustainable waste management.

Matthews Mokoba, Amare Gessesse

Research Square • 2025

Abstract Annually the poultry industry releases millions of tons of feather waste into the environment. With a protein content of 91%, feather offers huge potential to serve as an animal feed supplement. However, keratin, the main protein component of feather, is highly resistant to hydrolysis by animal and plant proteases. The use of physicochemical methods to hydrolyze feather, in addition to being expensive, cause decomposition of some amino acids. Thus, microbial bioconversion of feather offers an attractive option for the production of useful products. In this study, an alkaliphilic feather degrading strain, Bacillus pseudofirmus BCC026 was isolated from the Makgadikgadi salt pan in Botswana. When grown in liquid culture containing feather as the sole source of nitrogen, it resulted in complete solubilization within 48 to 72 h. The organism also produced an alkaline protease, soluble proteins, and peptides/amino acids into the culture medium. The enzyme showed optimum activity in the pH range of 7.5–10.5 and at 70°C. It was also active and stable in commercial detergents and resulted in complete removal of stain from cotton fabrics. The enzyme was also effective in removing hair from goatskin indicating its potential for dehairing application. Microbial growth substrates are known to account for a significant proportion of the production cost of industrial enzymes. Since protease BCC026 was produced using feather, a cheap and readily available resource, enzyme production cost could be significantly reduced. Moreover, after enzyme recovery, the soluble proteins and peptides/amino acids in the filtrate could be used for different applications.

Yong K. Kim, Armand F. Lewis, Yu Sun

AATCC Journal of Research • 2015

By extrapolating (exponential) plots of ammonium ion depletion rates (ADR) vs. water flow rate curves to the zero water flow rate, a new parameter called the intrinsic ammonia depletion rate (ADR (i) ) has been defined. This parameter is helpful in understanding the ammonia/water bioremediation process. ADR (i) , representing the ammonium ion depletion rate for bio-media under quiescent, equilibrium ammonia/water conditions, should be an inherent property of the bio-media material itself, and can serve as an ADR effectiveness rating index for various bio-media. In the reported work, flocked bio-media were shown to exhibit overall higher ADR (i) values than non-flocked media. The bio-reaction's physical (hydrodynamic) process mechanism appears to be different for non-flocked and flocked media classifications. A short term “live fish” aquaculture field trial was also carried out.

Olga Mamaeva, Elena Isaeva

• 2023

The paper considers the influence of the method of pretreatment of coniferous bark on the process of bioconversion, in particular, on the sporoob formation of fungi of the genus Trichoderma.

Asyri Febriana, Baiq Ishariaty Wika Utary

Justitia Jurnal Hukum • 2024

Mangrove forests and coastal forests are green belts in coastal areas that have ecological and socio-economic functions. The main ecosystem in coastal areas is mangroves, which not only have economic value but also have great value for the environment. Tanjung Luar village, Keruak sub-district currently still really needs more attention and is still in the development stage, because most of the mangrove forests in the Tanjung Luar area have been converted into residential areas, shrimp ponds and salt ponds. This research aims to determine the impact of mangrove forest land conversion on the sustainability of biological resources and the environment of Tanjung Luar Village by reviewing environmental protection and management based on the environmental protection and management law. This research uses normative empirical research methods. The research results show that the impact of the conversion of mangrove forest land results in an imbalance in the marine ecosystem and has a direct impact on the community, especially people who earn a living as fishermen. Efforts that can be made to overcome this are by reforesting and reorganizing coastal spatial planning by involving the government, fisheries and marine services and the general public. Many cases of environmental pollution and damage are caused by human activities such as air pollution, water pollution, land pollution and forest damage which ultimately harm humans. Realizing the importance of living necessities and the high dependence on natural resources such as mangroves, a solution is needed to combine ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects so that they are sustainable and thus support sustainable development programs. Several efforts that can be made to restore condition of mangrove forests are by involving the community to get involved directly. Such as conducting socialization on the importance of the negative impacts of environmental pollution, especially for the forest environment and the importance of mangroves for the sustainability of marine ecosystems and starting to replant mangrove forests which had previously been converted into residential areas by moving people who inhabit coastal areas with guaranteed compensation in the form of new settlements.

Harinder Singh, Pritpal Singh, Sandeep Sharma et al.

• 2023

In south-western Punjab, we investigated how the soil organic C (TOC) pool changed over time in undisturbed sand dunes and adjacent field, along with its labile and non-labile fractions, their relationships to micronutrient fractions, and the biological characteristics of the soil (India). To explore the effects of land use changed from sand dunes to intensive rice-wheat cropping system (RCWS) the soil samples were collected from both the undisturbed sand dunes and the adjacent fields converted to farmland about 30 years ago. The results showed that in comparison to RCWS soils, the TOC pools under sand dunes remained lower by ~2.5 g C kg (about 86.2%) but, their active C pools (Fract. 1 + Fract. 2) were significantly better (by about 0.67 g kg ; 40.4%). Similarly, the passive C pool (Fract. 3 + Fract. 4) was significantly higher in RCWS soils by ~3.1 g kg (about 239%), compared with the sand dunes. The passive C comprised ~81.7% of TOC pool in RWCS soils that was only ~44.0% in sand dunes. Following land-use change, the RWCS fields gradually increased the TOC stocks by ~75% as compared to sand dunes. In RWCS, the soil alkaline-phosphatase (Alk-P) and dehydrogenase (DHA) activities was significantly higher by 4.6 to 6.7 times than the sand dunes. Besides, Micro-nutrients cations (e.g. Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) and their transformations were also higher by ~1.7, 1.8, 2.9 and 5.2-times, respectively in RWCS than sand dunes. Likewise, total-Zn, total-Fe and total-Mn fraction in RWCS soils was ~77.3%, ~90.4% and ~64.4% higher than their respective contents in sand dunes. After 30 years of continuous RWCS system, the soil quality index increased from 0.23 to 0.97.These results clearly showed that due to increased soil microbial activities, the RWCS have significant potential to sustain C and build-up of micro-nutrients cations hence, underpins the clear signs of soil sustainability in south-western region of the Indian Punjab.

G. E. Blackman, J. P. Cooper

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences • 1976

The primary objectives have been to evaluate for different climatic conditions the role played by solar radiation in determining the accumulation of dry matter by terrestrial species and the manner in which the resulting photosynthetic products are utilized for the physiological and metabolic processes concerned with growth and development. The interacting effects of different levels of radiation and temperature on the components of growth of whole plants have been examined for a range of species from both tropical and temperate environments. These studies have been extended to include the interrelationships of density and the leaf area index on the productivity of populations of selected species. In some of these investigations the concepts of growth analysis have been combined with techniques which now permit the CO 2 fluxes within the canopy to be continuously recorded over long periods and so allow the diurnal changes in the levels of photosynthesis and respiration in the field to be directly assessed. This approach, coupled with others where similar measurements are made in a closed system, has provided much new information on the balance between gross and net photosynthetic activity. Differences in photosynthetic potential between species have been further interpreted in terms of (i) the pattern of light interception by canopies of differing structure, (ii) the component processes of photosynthesis at varying stages of development and (iii) the factors which are involved in the distribution and use of assimilates within the plant or population.

Yoshiaki Noma, Seiichi Nonomura

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry • 1974

Abstract The conversion of (−)-carvone and (+)-carvone by a strain of Aspergillus niger was studied as one of the series of biochemical reduction of terpenes. (−)-Carvone was found to be reduced essentially to (+)-neodihydrocarveol, although (+)-dihydrocarvone and (+)-isodihydrocarvone were also formed in small amounts, whereas (+)-carvone was converted to (−)-isodihydrocarvone, (−)-isodihydrocarveol, (−)-neoisodihydrocarveol, (−)-dihydrocarvone, (−)-neodihydrocarveol, and (+)-dihydrocarveol, of which the former three were the major products. The metabolic pathways for (−)-carvone and (+)-carvone by the strain of Aspergillus niger are discussed and the results on microbial and chemical reductions of carvone and dihydrocarvone are summarized.

Oleksii Zdorevskyi, Johannes Laukkanen, Vivek Sharma

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2024

Abstract Redox chemistry of quinones is an essential component of life on earth. In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, ubiquinone molecule is reduced to ubiquinol by respiratory complex I to drive the synthesis of ATP. By performing both classical and hybrid QM/MM simulations on high-resolution cryo-EM structures, including quantitative free energy calculations, we show that semiquinone species in complex I is anionic in nature and is trapped in the active site chamber for its subsequent reduction. Two-electron reduction of ubiquinone yields a metastable ubiquinol anion, which is electrostatically pushed by 15-20 Å towards the exit of the ubiquinone binding chamber to drive the proton pump of complex I. As part of the two-electron reduction of ubiquinone, protonic rearrangements take place in the active site in which a highly conserved histidine converts from its one tautomeric state to another. The combined findings provide a detailed and testable mechanistic picture of proton-coupled electron transfer reaction at the active site of complex I in wild-type as well as mutant conditions.

Amun Amri, Diana Eka Putri, Dhina Febryza et al.

Teknomekanik • 2024

Nanocellulose is widely applied in various fields due to its superior characteristics. Several methods have been developed to synthesize it, but they still have limitedness as being non-eco-friendly and inefficient use. Therefore, the synthesis of nanocellulose from sustainable sources is being developed using a simple and eco-friendly method. This study successfully produced a low viscosity gel suspension of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from bacterial cellulose (BC) derived from Nata de Coco using a high shear mixer (HSM). The mixture of BC and water in a 1:1 ratio was processed with various rotational speeds and times in the HSM. The suspension result was characterized using an Ostwald viscometer, UV-vis spectrophotometer, lux meter, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analyzer (PSA), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the characterization, it was confirmed that higher rotational speeds and extended processing times reduced the suspension viscosity and increased light transmittance, indicating a reduction in BC size to the submicron/nanometer scale. The best light transmittance was achieved with the HSM at 4500 rpm for 180 min, resulting in a viscosity drop from 232.67 mPa.s to 1.45 mPa.s. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the CNF retained its fibrous structure with nanometer-scale widths and high porosity without significant changes in crystallinity.

Yuya Nagasawa, Momoko Nakayama, Yusuke Kato et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2023

Abstract We propose a novel strategy for quick and easy preparation of suicide live vaccine candidates against bacterial pathogens. This method requires only the transformation of one or more plasmids carrying genes encoding for two types of biological devices, an unnatural amino acid (uAA) incorporation system and toxin-antitoxin systems in which translation of the antitoxins requires the uAA incorporation. Escherichia coli BL21-AI laboratory strains carrying the plasmids were viable in the presence of the uAA, whereas the free toxins killed these strains after removal of the uAA. The survival time after uAA removal could be controlled by the choice of uAA incorporation system and toxin-antitoxin systems. Multilayered toxin-antitoxin systems suppressed escape frequency to less than 1 escape per 10 9 generations in the best case. This conditional suicide system also worked in Salmonella enterica and E. coli clinical isolates. The S. enterica vaccine strains were attenuated with a >10 5 -fold lethal dose. Serum IgG response and protection against the parental pathogenic strain were confirmed. In addition, the live E. coli vaccine strain was significantly more immunogenic and provided greater protection than a formalin-inactivated vaccine. The live E. coli vaccine was not detected after inoculation, presumably because the uAA is not present in the host animals or in the natural environment. These results suggest that this strategy provides a novel way to rapidly produce safe and highly immunogenic live bacterial vaccine candidates. Significance Live vaccines are the oldest vaccines with a history of more than 200 years. Due to their strong immunogenicity, live vaccines are still an important category of vaccines today. However, the development of live vaccines has been challenging due to the difficulties in achieving a balance between safety and immunogenicity. In recent decades, the frequent emergence of various new and old pathogens at risk of causing pandemics has highlighted the need for rapid vaccine development processes. We have pioneered the use of unnatural amino acids to control gene expression and to conditionally kill host bacteria as a biological containment system. This report highlights a quick and easy conversion of bacterial pathogens into live vaccine candidates using this containment system.

Mrudula.S. Kulkarni, Vandan.S. Gothoskar, Komal.R. Kushwah et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH • 2020

Urban domestic solid waste in India contains 75-85 % organic substances. The uncontrolled dumping of this waste is a significant health concern. To solve this issue, degradation of organic waste by using microbial consortium is safe, efficient, and economical. Therefore, this study is done to recycle the domestic, green solid waste into active compost using a microbial consortium. Antagonism assay is used to develop Bacterial consortia, thereby determining the concomitant enzyme production. A suitable consortium is further used to degrade 2 kg of organic solid waste producing compost. Analysis of the compost, showed: C-22.1%, N-0.78%, K-0.62ppm, P-0.51ppm, and S-0.24ppm. The proposed consortia had the highest decomposing capability compared to other consortia. Compost so produced, was reduced to 86% in mass, dark colored, with grainy texture lacking foul smell. It was observed that the C: N::21:1;and increased percentage of K, P, S, thereby contributing to enhance soil fertility. The bacterial consortium so prepared serves as a vital tool in removing organic solid waste from environment. Further the compost produced can be used to increase fertility of soil.

Liping Qiu, Hu Wang, Xuntao Wang

RSC Advances • 2018

Microbial treatment is the preferred method for the remediation of soil and water contaminated by heptachlor.

G Lan, Bangqian Chen, Zhixiang Wu et al.

• 2021

To date, few studies have assessed the impact of forest conversion or seasonal changes on soil microbial community assembly. To fill this research gap, 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequences were used to evaluate the effects of forest conversion and seasonal changes on the assembly of bacterial and fungal communities using 260 soil samples collected from tropical rainforest and rubber plantation sites across Hainan Island, South China. A majority (~60%) of observed OTUs conformed with neutral model expectations, indicating that neutral processes were important for the assembly of soil microbial communities. For bacterial communities, the NST (normalized stochasticity ratio) was higher in the tropical rainforest (0.746 in the dry season, 0.684 in the rainy season) versus rubber plantation sites (0.647, 0.584), regardless of season. Thus, forest conversion decreased the importance of stochasticity for soil bacterial community assembly. For fungal communities, rubber plantation communities showed greater stochasticity (NST = 0.578) than rainforest communities (NST = 0.388) in the dry season, but the reverse was true in the rainy season (NST = 0.852 for rubber plantations; NST = 0.978 for rainforest). Both the NST results and structural equation modeling showed that bacterial communities were more stochastic in the dry season, while fungal communities were more stochastic in the rainy season; the effects of seasonal changes on assembly therefore differed between bacterial and fungal communities. More importantly, forest conversion did not have a direct impact on the assembly of bacterial or fungal communities, but exerted indirect effects via soil pH and soil AK.

Florent Lassalle, Séverine Périan, Thomas Bataillon et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2014

Abstract The characterization of functional elements in genomes relies on the identification of the footprints of natural selection. In this quest, taking into account neutral evolutionary processes such as mutation and genetic drift is crucial because these forces can generate patterns that may obscure or mimic signatures of selection. In mammals, and probably in many eukaryotes, another such confounding factor called GC-Biased Gene Conversion (gBGC) has been documented. This mechanism generates patterns identical to what is expected under selection for higher GC-content, specifically in highly recombining genomic regions. Recent results have suggested that a mysterious selective force favouring higher GC-content exists in Bacteria but the possibility that it could be gBGC has been excluded. Here, we show that gBGC is probably at work in most if not all bacterial species. First we find a consistent positive relationship between the GC-content of a gene and evidence of intra-genic recombination throughout a broad spectrum of bacterial clades. Second, we show that the evolutionary force responsible for this pattern is acting independently from selection on codon usage, and could potentially interfere with selection in favor of optimal AU-ending codons. A comparison with data from human populations shows that the intensity of gBGC in Bacteria is comparable to what has been reported in mammals. We propose that gBGC is not restricted to sexual Eukaryotes but also widespread among Bacteria and could therefore be an ancestral feature of cellular organisms. We argue that if gBGC occurs in bacteria, it can account for previously unexplained observations, such as the apparent non-equilibrium of base substitution patterns and the heterogeneity of gene composition within bacterial genomes. Because gBGC produces patterns similar to positive selection, it is essential to take this process into account when studying the evolutionary forces at work in bacterial genomes.

Vivek K. Bajpai, Sun Chul Kang, Soon-Gu Lee et al.

Natural Product Communications • 2012

This study was carried out to produce bioconverted products by microbial fermentation of tomato using a plant pathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum and to evaluate their in vitro antimycotic effect against pathogenic Candida species. The bioconverted products (500 μg/disc) provoked promising antimycotic effects against pathogenic isolates of Candida species as shown by the diameters of zones of inhibition (9 ± 0.6 to 14 ± 0.4 mm), along with their respective minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentration values, which increased from 250 to 1000 and 250 to 2000 μg/mL, respectively. With the viable counts of the tested fungal pathogens, exposure of the bioconverted products revealed a remarkable antimycotic effect. In addition, the morphology of a clinical isolate of C. glabrata KBN06P00368, visualized by scanning electron microscopy, showed a severe detrimental effect produced by the bioconverted products at the minimum inhibitory concentration (250 μg/mL). The bioconverted products significantly inhibited the in vitro growth of all the tested clinical and pathogenic laboratory isolates of Candida species. This study confirmed the potent antimycotic efficacy of the bioconverted products of tomato, hence justifying the therapeutic uses of bioconverted products in pharmaceutical preparations as an alternative approach to support the antifungal activity of conventional antimycotics.

Kazutoshi Shindo, Norihiko Misawa

ChemInform • 2006

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

E. V. Chernysheva, F. Fornasier, A. V. Borisov

Почвоведение • 2023

The relationship between the concentration of soil DNA and microbial biomass, determined by the method of substrate-induced respiration was studied in a wide range of soils differing in particle size distribution, acidity, organic carbon content, microbial biomass, and type of human activity in antiquity and present time. Calcaric Leptosols and Leptic Phaeozems of medieval agricultural lands in the Central Caucasus, Stratozems of agricultural terraces of the late Middle Ages – Modern times in the middle mountain zone of the Eastern Caucasus, as well as Kashtanozems and Solonetzes with different grazing intensity in the dry steppe zone (Rostov region) were chosen as the key sites. It has been shown that the determination of soil dsDNA concentration is a reliable and simple method for determining microbial biomass in soils with a loam texture, organic carbon content less 2%, and microbial biomass less 700 µg C/g of dry soil. The conversion factor FDNA in such soils varied in a narrow range from 5.24 to 5.41. In soils with a high content of organic carbon, an increase of FDNA (6.56 and 10.56) was observed due to the presence of recalcitrant e-xtracellular DNA. Agristratified soil of sandy loam texture was characterized by a lower degree of preservation of dsDNA, which resulted in a decrease in the determined microbial biomass (FDNA = 4.22). A reduced conversion factor FDNA (4.78) was also found in the soils of pastures in the dry steppe zone, which confirms the known limitations of using the substrate-induced respiration method in alkaline soils. Human activity does not significantly affect the relationship between the amount of soil DNA and microbial biomass.

T. Chatterjee, B. K. De, D. K. Bhattacharyya

ChemInform • 1999

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

A. JEKKEL, A. KONYA, E. ILKOY et al.

ChemInform • 1998

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Ciara D Lynch, David J O’Connell

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2021

Abstract Deriving new value from waste streams through secondary processes is a central aim of the circular bioeconomy. In this study we investigate whether chemically defined spent media (CDSM) waste from cell culture bioprocess can be recycled and used as a feed in secondary microbial fermentation to produce new recombinant protein products. Our results show that CDSM supplemented with 2% glycerol supported a specific growth rate of E. coli cultures equivalent to that achieved using a nutritionally rich microbiological media (LB). The titre of recombinant protein produced following induction in a 4-hour expression screen was approximately equivalent in the CDSM fed cultures to that of baseline, and this was maintained in a 16-hr preparative fermentation. To understand the protein production achieved in CDSM fed culture we performed a quantitative analysis of proteome changes in the E. coli using mass spectrometry. This analysis revealed significant upregulation of protein synthesis machinery enzymes and significant downregulation of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes. We conclude that spent cell culture media, which represents 100s of millions of litres of waste generated by the bioprocessing industry annually, may be valorized as a feed resource for the production of recombinant proteins in secondary microbial fermentations.

Tetsuo Endo, Satoshi Koizumi

ChemInform • 2001

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

M. HOSHI, K. W. SHIMOTOHNO, T. ENDO et al.

ChemInform • 1997

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

A. Despina Magiri – Skouloudi, B. Evangelos Topakas, C. Sotirios Karellas

Chemical Valorisation of Carbon Dioxide • 2022

The concept of microbial CO2 conversion has attracted major interest within the past few years from both the research community and industry, as recent advances showcase this technology's potential for wide commercial deployment, mostly due to its notable versatility and effectiveness. The two main microbial bioprocess categories commonly implemented in microbial carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) systems are gas fermentation (either anaerobic or aerobic, with CO2 and CO as main carbon sources) and anaerobic digestion (with CH4 as main carbon source). This chapter examines the main pathways and process configurations developed thus far for microbial CO2 utilization. Target products of microbial CCU processes are also presented, ranging from fuels and commodity chemicals to specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastic precursors and intermediates for the paints, lubricants, adhesives and thinners industry, as well as food and feed ingredients. In this chapter, the major metabolic pathways, products and bioprocess characteristics of microbial CO2 conversion configurations are discussed, followed by an analysis of the major benefits, challenges and future prospects of microbial CCU systems.

Ibrahim Khalil, Marco Giulio Rigamonti, Kwinten Janssens et al.

Research Square • 2022

Abstract The search for sustainable polymers requires new ways for accessing monomers from biomass as raw materials. Cis,cis-muconic acid (ccMA), derived from glucose, stands as a potential intermediate to produce valuable monomers, including terephthalic and adipic acids. However, to access terephthalic acid through Diels-Alder cycloaddition, an additional isomerization of ccMA into ttMA (trans,trans-isomer) is required. In this work, we develop a single-atom low-loaded Ru catalyst (0.2 wt.%), supported on *BEA zeolite, that produces tt-muconate in ethanol with total conversion (to equilibrium) and selectivity >95%. We reached productivity rates of 427 mM.h-1 (≈85 g.L-1.h-1), surpassing, by an order of magnitude, the highest values reported for biobased production of 17 mM.h-1 of ccMA, thus making the latter the rate-determining step if both processes were linked. Furthermore, we demonstrate the direct production of terephthalate intermediates with high yields (78%) and selectivity (80%) in a one-pot isomerization/Diels-Alder reaction. This single atom Ru-zeolite isomerizes dienes via a hydride mechanism and could serve the isomerization of other value-added alkenes.

Sofia Lindberg, Erik Hansen

Frontiers in Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis • 2025

As global demand for sustainable food packaging intensifies, bio-based materials have emerged as promising alternatives to petroleum-derived plastics. However, their adoption at industrial scale is hindered by inconsistencies in mechanical performance, barrier properties, and biodegradability under varying environmental conditions. This study proposes a machine learning (ML)-based framework to predict the performance and environmental behavior of bio-based food packaging materials based on their composition, processing parameters, and environmental variables. Multiple ML algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were trained using experimental datasets derived from published studies and lab-generated data. Key target variables included tensile strength, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), oxygen permeability, and biodegradation time. Results demonstrate that ensemble models such as RF provided high prediction accuracy and interpretability, enabling efficient material screening and optimization. The study highlights the potential of data-driven tools to accelerate the development of eco-friendly packaging solutions with tailored properties, reducing trial-and-error experimentation and promoting circular economy objectives.

M. Pelckmans, T. Renders, S. Van de Vyver et al.

Green Chemistry • 2017

Heterogeneous catalysis offers a sustainable toolbox for the synthesis of a wide variety of biomass-derived amines.

Xia Hua, ChenHui Zhang, Jian Han et al.

Research Square • 2022

Abstract Background Hydroxyl acid is an important platform chemical that covers many industrial applications due to dual functional modules. At present, the traditional technology for hydroxyl acid production mainly adopts the petroleum route with benzene, cyclohexane and butadiene and other non-renewable resources as raw materials which violates the law of green chemistry development. Conversely, it is well-known that biotechnology and bioengineering techniques possess several advantages over chemical methods, such as moderate reaction conditions, high chemoselectivity, and are environmental-friendly. However, there still exist some major obstacles for the industrial application of biotechnology as compared with chemical engineering. The critical issue in the competitiveness between bioengineering and chemical engineering is products titer and volume productivity. Therefore, based on the importance of hydroxyl acids in many fields, exploring a clean, environmentally friendly, efficient and practical production technology for the hydroxyl acids preparation is the core purpose of this study. Results To obtain high-purity hydroxyl acid, a microbiological regulation employing Gluconobacter oxydans for its bioproduction was constructed. We achieved a critical point of chain length, determining the end-products. G. oxydans catalyzed diols with chain length ≤ 4, forming hydroxyl acids, and converting 1,5-pentanediol and 1,6-hexanediol to diacids. Based on this principle, we successfully synthesized 75.3 g/L glycolic acid, 83.2 g/L 3-hydroxypropionic acid, and 94.3 g/L 4-hydroxybutyric acid within 48 h. Furthermore, we directionally controlled the products of C5/C6 diols by adjusting pH, resulting in 102.3 g/L 5‑hydroxyvaleric acid and 48.8 g/L 6-hydroxycaproic acid instead of diacids. Combined with pH regulation and cell-recycling, we prepared 271.4 g 5‑hydroxyvaleric acid and 129.4 g 6-hydroxycaproic acid in 6 rounds. Conclusion In this study, a green scheme of employing G. oxydans as biocatalyst for superior-quality hydroxyl acids (C2-C6) production is raised up. The proposed strategy commendably demonstrated a novel technology with simple pH regulation for high-value production of hydroxyl acids via green bioprocess developments.

B. Pawelec, R. M. Navarro, J. L. G. Fierro

Sustainable Catalysis for Biorefineries • 2018

Bio-oil has been identified as a major feedstock for the production of renewable fuels. As bio-oil has a high O-content, and therefore a low heating value and low stability over time, upgrading is desirable to remove the oxygen and to make it similar to crude oil. Here, we examine the two general catalytic routes for bio-oil upgrading: cracking and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Zeolite cracking is an alternative path in which acid zeolites are used as catalysts for the deoxygenation reaction. In these systems, hydrogen is not required, and so the operation is performed at atmospheric pressure. However, HDO is usually conducted under high H2 pressure in order to remove the O-containing compounds and hence to produce a high grade oil product. The catalysts employed for HDO are traditional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts, such as Co–MoS2/Al2O3, or metal catalysts. However, the life of the catalyst (more than 200 h on stream) has not been demonstrated. Of the two catalytic routes mentioned above, HDO appears to have the best potential, as zeolite cracking cannot produce fuels of an acceptable grade. Although HDO is considered the best option to produce transportation fuels of a grade and cost equivalent to present fossil fuels, several problems still have to be solved. An understanding of the carbon forming mechanisms and kinetics, an evaluation of the requirement for high pressure, and sustainable sources of hydrogen are some of the areas that have to be elucidated before the process can be commercialized.

Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences • 1951

The movements of bracken spermatozoids are photo-reversibly inhibited by carbon monoxide. At 20° C the mean speed of a sperm suspension in the presence of 94% CO in O 2 was 51 μ /sec, in green light, the wave-length of which is outside the region of photochemical absorption by CO-cytochrome oxidase. The same suspension had a mean speed of 95 μ /sec. in white light. Spermatozoids that have been rendered motionless by CO in green light, which takes about 5 min., can be induced to move by illuminating them with white light. A large percentage of the spermatozoids are irreversibly damaged if the CO in green light treatment is continued long enough to stop, rather than slow up, movement.