Aaron Bradshaw

• 2023

More-than-human, multispecies, and animals’ geographic accounts of the city have tended to focus on large, charismatic, and wild organisms, to the detriment of spatially invisible other-than-humans central to urban reproduction. At the same time, urban microbial geographies have foregrounded embodied interactions between humans and microorganisms, whether they are symbiotic or pathogenic, often marginalising the material contributions of extracorporeal microbiomes to the urban fabric. Building from these two blindspots, this article focuses on microbial ecologies that live constitutively outside of (other-than-)human bodies and which are intimately caught up in the metabolic intensities and infrastructural environments of the urban realm. There are two key aims: 1) to explore different forms of urban microbial ecologies and 2) to examine their relationships with urban infrastructures and reproduction. My disciplinary lenses are animals’ geographies and urban ecology and my case study focuses on urban water metabolism. Thus, based on empirical fieldwork on the urban river Lea in East London, and supplemented by scientific literature and technical documents, I analyse three urban microbial ecologies that correspond to the urban realms ‘extended microbiomes’: those involved in slow sand filtration for the treatment of drinkable water, those involved in sewage treatment via the activated sludge process, and those emerging and evolving in disused urban canal infrastructure. These processes spatially manage microbial growth and modulate the distribution of different forms of microbial agency with important effects for the smooth functioning of urban water metabolism. Yet, considering the specific materiality and ecological agency of microbes points to a more-than-human contingency and indeterminacy at the centre of urban reproduction. Urban human-microbial co-evolution and is mired with uncertainties, ‘black boxes’, and unintended consequences.

Hu Ren, Chun-Hui Pu, Chang-jian Lin et al.

Journal of Electrochemistry • 2013

Charge transfer is one of the essential life processes.In the past decades,the electrochemical methods have been developed to study life science in a unique physicochemical view and have exhibited abundant and precious information beyond conventional biological techniques.As bioelectrochemical research areas evolved from the fundamental studies of biomolecules' electrochemical behaviours in non-living conditions to the living cells in intro and in vivo,and further to the single molecule in living systems,the role of instruments becomes more and more crucial.The performances of instruments such as sensitivity,resolution(time,spatial and eneygy resolutions) and controllability are more demanding in the living conditions and at small size.In this review,the current statuses of the bioelectrochemical instruments,especially those for electrochemical studies at single living cell level,are presented;and the prospects of the domestic bioelectrochemical instruments are discussed.

Florian Walder, Marcel van der Heijden

• 2025

A critical asset of healthy soils is a rich and functionally diverse microbiota, yet many agricultural practices - including frequent pesticide use and insufficient organic amendments - risk compromising this biological foundation. In this contribution, we present results from two complementary studies conducted on more than 100 farms in Switzerland to investigate how pesticide application and compost use affect the diversity, composition and structure of soil microbial communities. Using a combination of molecular analyses (16S/ITS rRNA amplicon sequencing, quantitative PCR of functional genes), soil physicochemical properties and indicators for soil functions, we found that pesticide residues are associated with shifts in microbial community composition and, in some cases, reduced bacterial diversity. Conversely, farms that regularly apply compost show increased fungal richness and more complex microbial networks than reference farms. By linking these changes in microbial community traits to soil functional indicators - such as soil respiration and aggregate stability - we could shed light on the interrelationships of soil biodiversity, physicochemical properties, and soil functions, as well as the influence of agricultural management.

, Anuj Yadav, Suresh Chandra et al.

Madras Agricultural Journal • 2013

Studies were conducted to prepare Ready To Serve beverage from banana pulp with the sugar level i.e. 1.25, 1.00 and 0.75 kg /kg of pulp. The desired amount of sugar was added and blended with pulp/juice in the ratio of 10.75(T1), 11(T2) and 11.25(T3). The RTS bottles were stored under refrigeration condition (5oC), BOD incubator (25oC) and room temperature (30-35oC), up to 90 days to determine the effect of sugar ratio on quality of banana (RTS) beverage. The qualities were evaluated for fresh as well as stored samples after 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days of storage. The TSS, acidity and optical density of banana RTS beverage increased with increase in the storage periods on particular temperatures. It was observed that the microbial growth increased with increase in the temperatures and storage period irrespective of storage conditions.

M. Rahman, H.S. Dutta

Agricultural Reviews • 2022

New revolutions have been taking place in agriculture since pre-historic times to increase agricultural production and meet the demands of rising population. The last revolution or green revolution has increased the overall production of all agricultural components but has led to several long-term environmental problems. Almost 62% of vegetables and 82% of fruits are found to have pesticide residues, which can affect our health in different ways. This have arisen the fear of eating raw fruits and vegetables and led to sublethal effects on natural enemies and pollinators. So, it is the very need of hour to look for sustainable approaches to control the plant diseases. Most of the plant pathogens are seed borne and disseminated. Thus, they affect the plants during pre-emergence stage or cause seedling damping off resulting in 100% crop loss. Under sustainable practices, microbial seed coating is an evolving precision technology. It enhances the shelf-life and activity of beneficial microbes and thereby decrease the use of harmful chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Natural products such as biochar, chitosan, peat, acacia gum, natural dyes from flowers Phutuka, Polash, Khoyar, Kodam can be used to manufacture microbial seed coats manually. Agribusiness firms Incotec, Novozymes and Monsanto have also led to developing of coated seeds laced with promising microbes. Thus, adoption of microbial seed coating can be a cost effective and efficient strategy in organic horticultural production.

Benoit St-Pierre

Microorganisms • 2023

Ruminants represent a highly successful group of herbivores that have not only evolved to thrive across a wide range of habitats, but have also played a central role throughout human history [...]

, RAMALAKSHMI A, ANTHONI RAJ S et al.

Madras Agricultural Journal • 2008

The premonsoon sowing of millets, pulses and cotton is a practice adopted in most of the rainfed area where the seeds are sown well ahead of monsoon and remain in the soil until receipt of rain. The seeds remain buried in dry soil for 2-3 weeks and germinate after the receipt of the rains if the season is normal and the farmers are lucky. Otherwise, they have to take up another sowing particularly when rain is delayed beyond a month. The seeds remain in the soil and subjected to heat stress and information on the survival of biofertilizer organisms inoculated on the seeds is much limited. Therefore the present study was undertaken to know whether the inoculants survive or perish on treated seeds in the transient period between sowing and monsoon rains.

, RAJASEKARAN P

MADRAS AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL • 1981

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of incorporation of fish and chicken wastes on comparative biogas production and distribution of microorganisms. The treatments had equel quantity of cattle dung and water mixed with old slurry and fish and chicken wastes in to proportion of 4: 1: 1. Two sets of experiments were conducted le, one set kept above ground and the other kept burried in soil, for 12 weeks and gas generated were measured for every 24 hours. The fish wastes Incorparated above ground. (4: 1: 1) gave the maximum average gas output of 1088 cc/day over 12 weeks compared to 899 cc/day of chicken wastes. Similarly the maximum bacterial population of 47,0 x 100/0 was estimated in fish wastes kent on the ground compared to chicken slurry (338x 104/g) fish clurry wae to found to have fish celluloytic activity and also produced fish methanogenic activity.

Sara König, Thomas Reitz, Ulrich Weller et al.

• 2022

<p>Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool for predicting soil functions such as nutrient cycling, water filtering and storage, productivity and carbon storage as well as the complex interactions between these functions. Most soil functions are driven or affected by soil organisms. Yet, biological processes are often neglected in soil function models or implicitly described by rate parameters. This can be explained by the high complexity of the soil ecosystem with its dynamic and heterogeneous environment, and by the range of temporal and spatial scales these processes are taking place at.</p><p>Here, we meet these challenges and present our approach for integrating biological microscale processes into soil modelling. We introduce our systemic soil model BODIUM which simulates relevant microbial processes at the profile scale to analyse the impact of different agricultural management and climatic conditions on soil functions. For this, BODIUM includes different microbial pools as well as C:N stoichiometric considerations but does not explicitly account for microbial community structure or composition dynamics. In our approach, soil structure dynamics at the pore scale is a critical factor for controlling the availability of carbon and nutrients as well as the distribution of water and oxygen, which in turn jointly drive microbial growth and activity. To explore the potential advantage of BODIUM, we compare our model approach with traditional modelling approaches without explicit microbial activity under different simulation scenarios. We further analyse the impact of changing microclimatic conditions of water, oxygen and nutrient availability as dedicated by a dynamic soil structure on microbial activity and the corresponding soil functions.</p><p>Finally, we discuss ongoing developments to additionally consider, e.g., microbe-fauna-interactions, microbial feedback on soil structure dynamics, and phosphor dynamics.</p>

, Maria Kazou, Alkmini Gavriil et al.

Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science • 2022

Milk, which is a basic component of the human diet since millennia worldwide, is rich in all kind of nutrients, thus comprises an excellent growth substrate for both beneficial and harmful microorganisms. As a result, milk contains numerous microorganisms deriving either from the animal itself or from the environment during the collection and storage of milk. These microbes can play a number of roles, such as facilitating dairy fermentations, promoting health, causing spoilage or even disease. For decades, the microbial ecology of dairy products has been based on the study of microbial isolates through conventional culture-dependent microbiological analysis. However, culture-independent approaches, and, most importantly, high throughput sequencing coupled with the omics-based techniques enable a thorough taxonomic fingerprinting of the dairy microbiota. This chapter provides a broad overview on the microbiota of raw cow's milk, as this has been described so far by both culture-dependent and -independent approaches.

, SUBRAMANIA IYER G, RAJASEKARAN P et al.

Madras Agricultural Journal • 1983

Experiments carried out to study the succession of microbial communities in the rotting of jute and mesta with varying quantities of water revealed variations in their distributions. The bacterial population showed an increasing trend with the progress of retting until comple- tion. Wider variations were observed in the distribution of yeast, fungal and pectolytic bacteria. The anaerobic bacteria was found maximum during the 10th day. The acid forming bacteria differed with PH and varying levels of acids produced during the retting process. A combination of different groups of efficient organisms might be helpful in quickening the process of retting.

, Willem J. Ravensberg

Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science • 2021

Microbial bioprotectants have the potential to play a major role in the future of crop protection. Agriculture needs to become more sustainable and still provide food security within planetary borders. New technologies and scientific discoveries can unravel the interactions between the plant, the microbiome and the soil and provide new opportunities for crop protection and more resilient cropping systems. Regulatory issues delay and hamper exploitation and research of genetic resources. This chapter describes the factors that promote the use of microbial bioprotectants as well as those that hamper their further adoption. A sustainable and resilient agriculture depends on the microbial interactions between plants in promoting plant growth and combatting biotic and abiotic threats. The transition to a resilient agriculture requires big changes in policy, regulation and farming practices. This chapter assesses the future outlook for the methods for controlling plant diseases described in this book as well as the factors determining their uptake and success.

, Gopal H., Natarajan T. et al.

Madras Agricultural Journal • 2009

Use of microbial inoculants to enhance the nutrient uptake of any traditional medicinal plant is prerequisite to keep its medicinal value. In order to optimize the microbial inoculants for ashwagandha Withania Somnifera (L) Duna nutrient management, experiments were conducted. The effective strains of Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas isolated and characterized from different medicinal plants of Tamil Nadu were evaluated for ashwagandha under pot-culture condition. The results revealed that combined inoculation of A. lipoferum - AAs-11, Azotobacter - AAz-3, Bacillus - APb-1 and Pseudomonas fluorescens - APs-1 enhanced the biochemical constituents of ashwagandha such as chlorophyll, protein and total alkaloid contents compared to single and other combinations. Further, this bioinoculant package along with panchakavya spray enhanced the rhizosphere microbial activity of ashwagandha. It is concluded that these microbial inoculants in combination with panchakavya is the best organic nutrient management package for ashwagandha

Y. Xia, X. Sun, R. Tao et al.

• 2021

In order to investigate the distribution and risk of microbial aerosols in residential areas after the COVID-19 in Wuhan Ctiy, Changqing Garden residential area, a mature community was selected as a case in this study. From October to December 2020, the Andersen-sixstage microbial air sampler was used to collect samples in six typical places in this residential area, and the microbial aerosol concentration was determined by the plate count method. In addition, the health risk assessment was evaluated according to the Chinese Population Exposure Parameters Manual (Adult Volume). The results showed that: (1) The concentration of microbial aerosol can be ranked in this order: fresh food market >underground parking lot >food street >central basketball court >central square >green pavilion. (2) The concentration of bacteria and fungus aerosol was different in different places, and the maximum aerosol concentration occurred in the fresh food market ((1525.32±1311.31) CFU/m3) and the food street ((1296.82±113.84) CFU/m3), respectively. (3) Take the air microbial concentration in typical places as the evaluation standard: the central basketball court, green pavilion and central square were clean, the fresh food market and underground parking lot were slightly polluted, and the food court was lightly pollution. (4) The median diameter of microbial aerosols was less than 4.7 μm, which can easily cause lower respiratory tract infections in residents. (5) The Hazard Quotient (HQ) of the typical places from October to December 2020 was less than 1, indicating that the health risk of microbial aerosol exposure in Changqing Garden residential area was relatively small. This research shows that the air quality of the Changqing Garden residential area is good under the epidemic prevention and control normalized measures, which meets the requirements for sanitary conditions in the post-COVID-19 era. © 2021, Editorial Board, Research of Environmental Sciences. All right reserved.

R. Abdullah, T. Rafique, A. Kaleem et al.

International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) • 2015

A leafy vegetable particularly spinach locally known as palak, has been part of human diet for many years. Pakistan stands among top ten spinach producing countries in the world and contributes considerably to the income. However, lack of proper storage facilities and microbial attack result in post-harvest losses. Food irradiation reduced storage losses, extended shelf life and improved microbiological and parasitological safety of foods. In present study, flat leaf variety of spinach was exposed to various gamma radiation doses (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 kGy). The microbial flora of spinach before and after irradiation was analyzed to determine significant changes in the population of spoilage microorganisms. In the present study 0.75 kGy proved to be the most beneficial in reducing the microbial flora without affecting the sensory properties of flat leaf spinach and extended the shelf life up to 4days. So, this study can be useful in shelf life enhancement for export purpose.

Asmus Olesen, Rafel Pinilla-Redondo, Mads Hansen et al.

• 2021

Horizontal gene transfer via plasmids is important for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among medically relevant pathogens. Specifically, the transfer of IncHI1A plasmids is believed to facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, such as carbapenemases, within the clinically important family Enterobacteriaceae . The microbial community of urban wastewater treatment plants has been shown to be highly permissive towards conjugal transfer of IncP1 plasmids. Here, we tracked the transfer of the P1 plasmid pB10 and the clinically relevant HI1A plasmid R27 in the microbial communities present in urban residential sewage entering full-scale wastewater treatment plants. We found that both plasmids readily transferred to these communities and that strains in the sewage were able to further disseminate them. Furthermore, that R27 has a broad potential host range, but a low host divergence. Interestingly, although the majority of R27 transfer events were to members of Enterobacteriaceae , we found a subset of transfer to other families, even other phyla. Indicating, that HI1A plasmids facilitate horizontal gene transfer both within Enterobacteriaceae , but also across families of especially Gammaproteobacteria, such as Moraxellaceae , Pseudomonadaceae and Shewanellaceae . pB10 displayed a similar potential host range as R27. In contrast to R27, pB10 had a high host divergence. By cultivative enrichment of the transconjugant communities, we show that sewage strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonadaceae can stably maintain R27 and pB10, respectively. Our results suggest that dissemination in the urban residual water system of HI1A plasmids may result in an accelerated acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes among pathogens.

Adekunle Gregory Fakunle, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Johnson Oluwaseun Ogundare et al.

Indoor and Built Environment • 2025

Despite the health outcomes associated with exposure to indoor microbial aerosols, the environmental factors contributing to indoor microbial proliferation in residential environments have not been extensively investigated. This study assessed factors associated with indoor bacterial and fungal aerosols in residential apartments within Ibadan, Nigeria. A 12-month survey on housing characteristics and estimation of indoor bacterial and fungal aerosols was carried out in a sample of 356 residential apartments in Ibadan using a standardized home walkthrough checklist and an indoor sampling method. Indoor levels of microbial concentration, total bacterial count, total fungal count, richness ( R ) and Simpson diversity ( D ) were assessed and categorized as either high (>median) or low (≤median) exposures. The results showed that occupant density (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–1.05; aOR = 1.04, 95%CI = 1.02–1.06; aOR = 1.04, 95%CI = 1.02–1.06), leaking roofs (aOR = 2.51, 95%CI = 1.52–4.27; aOR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.13–2.88; aOR = 1.85, 95%CI = 1.17–2.97) and visible dampness (aOR = 4.67, 95%CI = 2.21–10.34; aOR = 4.37, 95%CI = 2.22–8.81; aOR = 4.28, 95%CI = 2.17–8.59) were independently associated with higher levels of bacterial concentrations, richness and diversity respectively. Culturally relevant interventions targeted at these factors would be promising in managing microbial proliferation in residential environments.

Victor Henry Azubuike Enemor, Precious Ebuka Okeke, Uchechukwu Chibuzo Ogbodo

Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry • 2020

Water is very important to the existence of humans though could also serve as vehicle for pathogenic organisms and dangerous organic and inorganic matters. The physicochemical and microbial analyses of selected borehole water samples in Awka residential areas were conducted with the aim of ascertaining suitability or otherwise for human consumption. The total hardness, pH, alkalinity, some common elements and presence of toxic metals were determined by standard methods of American Public Health Association. The presence of microorganisms in the water samples was also determined. Results of the physicochemical analysis of the borehole water samples showed a mean pH value of 5.52 below the WHO standard of 6.5 - 8.5 and mean total hardness of 150 ppm greater than the WHO standard of 70 ppm. The microelements such as manganese, zinc, lead, selenium, nickel and cadmium were found to be below detectable levels in the water samples. Five bacteria species were isolated and identified in the water samples as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The physicochemical properties and the bacteria load of most of the water samples indicate that they were unfit for human consumption as the samples were outside WHO reference standard for potable water suggesting a need for increased awareness for improved sanitation and hygiene practices in the state.

G Hill

Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and Contamination Control • 2003

THE OLD MAXIM, THAT ANY TEST result is only as good as the sample, is never more true than for analysis of samples drawn for the investigation of microbiological contamination in fuels and fuel systems. Probably more than any other fuel contamination type, microbial contamination will tend to have a highly heterogeneous dispersion that is likely to be in a continual state of change. There may be changes in the overall numbers of microbes present, their viability (and culturability), the relative numbers of the predominant types (genera and species) and the amounts of microbial biomass present [1]. These changes may be due to the microbial activity itself or as a consequence of tank or system operating activities. It is thus apparent that both the timing of sampling operations and selection of appropriate sampling points need careful consideration and planning. In order that those conducting the analyses can put the best possible interpretation on the results obtained, as much information as possible about the sampling needs to be conveyed to the testing laboratory.

E. M Kholodova

Izvestiya MGTU MAMI • 2013

There was conducted a study of microbial fuel cells in the industrial waste water in the flow and periodic mode.

, Avi Roy Chowdhury, Jayendran Venkateswaran et al.

12th Simulation Workshop (SW25) Proceedings • 2025

Modeling complex global health systems, such as infectious disease dynamics, requires balancing detail with abstraction. A hybrid simulation approach combining System Dynamics (SD) and Agent Based Modeling (ABM) to study bacterial infection spread at both individual and population levels is presented. SD model captures within-host dynamics, focusing on bacterial growth, immune responses, and antibiotic treatment. ABM introduces individual variability and interactions, enabling simulation of infection spread among a population of agents. This integrated framework connects within-host and population-level dynamics, providing a foundation for adding layers of complexity. By simulating different scenarios, the model offers insights into infection dynamics and strategies for managing bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance at the community level.

Kelvin Sewake, Joseph DeFrank

HortScience • 1992

Anthurium bacterial blight is a disease that has devastated much of the Hawaii anthurium industry in recent years. In response to the crisis, the Cooperative Extension Service produced a video entitled “Strategies for Anthurium Blight Control - A Growers' Discussion.” The video format was selected to allow the extension service to utilize experience of four successful large scale commercial growers and deliver blight control information to other growers with a graphic demonstration on control procedures for disease management. Production of the video eliminated the need for farm tours, eliminated the risk of disease spread, condensed information, and allowed growers to borrow copies. This video proved effective in prompting growers to adopt and implement recommended blight control procedures.

R. POFFÉ, W. MERTENS

International Journal of Food Science & Technology • 1988

Summary Cooled raw bulk milk samples were examined for total bacterial count after 3 days at 30°C, and the numbers of psychrotrophs and proteolytic psychrotrophs after 10 days at 7°C. Positive correlations were found between the total bacterial count and the numbers of psychrotrophs, enumerated on standard plate count (SPC) agar (r = 0.88, n = 65), and between the numbers of psychrotrophs counted on SPC agar and on milk agar, respectively (r = 0.89, n = 59). Only 30.4% of the bacteria were psychrotrophs but the regression shows that the percentage of psychrotrophs increases when the total bacterial count rises. On average only small differences were found between the counts of psychrotrophs on SPC agar and milk agar, suggesting that in most samples the same organisms were probably enumerated on both media. The numbers of proteolytic bacteria were less well correlated with the numbers of psychrotrophs (r = 0.65, n = 56), as wide variations occurred between the samples. It is suggested that the total bacterial count at 30°C can be a useful estimate of the number of psychrotrophs.

John C. Schilling

Journal of Milk and Food Technology • 1956

Determination of logarithmic averages of bacterial counts is a necessary and laborious task in grading raw and pasteurized milk. As the plate count determination replaces the methylene blue test for the ever increasing number of bulk milk producers, the problem becomes greater. A slide rule type of device has been developed that may materially simplify this task. This method is explained with information relative to its principle, application, accuracy, and advantages.

Yakup Cuci, Sait Çelik

International Journal of Chemistry and Technology • 2021

Chlorpyrifos is an solid organophosphorus pesticide widely used in agriculture. It is relatively stable to hydrolysis in neutral pH and acidic aqueous solutions. Stability decreases with increasing pH. Chlorpyrifos practically insoluble in water, but highly soluble in most organic solvents such as acetone xylene and methyl bromide. It is an effective skin, stomach and respiratory insecticide and is effective against aphids, spider mites, soil bugs and house pests. It is also highly toxic bees and fish. Most pesticides are complex organic molecules and are persistent in the environment, either biota or accumulate in the environment. In pesticide-used areas, the pesticide itself or its residues are transported by rain and irrigation water and mixes into groundwater. The effects caused by the pesticide are closely related to the level of accumulation. During the studies, contamination of chlorpyrifos has been found about 24 km from the site of its application. There are many physico-chemical and biological approaches to remove organophosphorus pesticides from the ecosystem, among them most promising is biodegradation. In this study, the biodegradation potential of chlorpyrifos with P. Putida was investigated in the batch stirred reactor. In the optimum conditions, the maximum pesticide removal rate was determined as 1.51 mg/g. d. m.o.h.

Albert E. Dimond, James G. Horsfall

Rubber Chemistry and Technology • 1943

Abstract The recent article by ZoBell and Grant notes the attack of rubber by bacteria under conditions of high moisture. It is suggested that “the life of rubber products which come in contact with moisture may be prolonged if ways can be found to retard or prevent the activity of rubber oxidizing microorganisms”. In the compounding of rubber commercially, native rubber is mixed with a number of chemicals, each of which serves a specific purpose in the properties of the finished product. Among these are accelerators which lower the temperature and shorten the time of vulcanization and lengthen the life of rubber. Two well-known accelerators are mercaptobenzothiazole and tetramethylthiuram disulfide. These compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit germination of fungi, and gross observations have been made on their ability to inhibit bacterial growth. Mercaptobenzothiazole is a moderately good fungicide, and tetramethylthiuram disulfide is excellent. The latter compound is now being marketed as a seed protectant and for the prevention of turf diseases. Both of these materials have been tested, under field conditions prevailing in Connecticut, by the authors for their efficacy in controlling plant diseases. Mercaptobenzothiazole, although inferior to tetramethylthiuram disulfide, has given partial plant disease control.

Claude E. ZoBell, Carroll W. Grant

Rubber Chemistry and Technology • 1943

Abstract In studying the biological oxygen demand of sea water, it has been observed that rubber stoppers increase the amount of oxygen consumed. In fact, the small amount of rubber gasket exposed to the water in citrate of magnesia bottles perceptibly increases the amount of oxygen consumed after 5 to 10 days' incubation. Heat-sterilized as well as formaldehyde-preserved controls proved that the increased oxygen consumption is attributable to biological activity. One-gram samples of various kinds of rubber, cut in small pieces to give a surface area of approximately 10 sq. cm., were placed in 160-cc. glass-stoppered bottles. After sterilizing in an autoclave at 120° C for 20 minutes, the bottles were filled with sterile water saturated with oxygen. Half the bottles were inoculated; the others were left sterile. Duplicate bottles were analyzed for oxygen immediately by the Winkler technique, and the others were incubated in the water bath for one to five days at 22° C, after which the amount of oxygen consumed was determined. It was necessary to decant or siphon the water from the rubber before treating it with the Winkler reagents because free iodine reacts with rubber.

А. Yu. Gusarova, Yu. V. Prosvetov, О. A. Kovalenko

Modern medical technology • 2019

A clinical case of conducting a diagnostic searching a patient with suspected recurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the absence of bacterial excretion is presented in the article.

, , Padraigin Murphy

• 2011

Prebiotics are selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microbiota that confers benefits upon host well-being and health’ It is not the prebiotic by itself but rather the changes induced in microflora composition that is responsible for its effects. Several sources of prebiotic were used in this study, namely extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) originating from Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), barley, oat. Laminaria digitata. Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EPS-producing LAB were isolated from a wide variety of environmental and gastrointestinal niches. The strains were typed and classified according to their EPS-producing ability and selected strains were identified for possible commercial potential. Nevertheless, because of the constraints in terms of prebiotic yield from LAB, the cereal, seaweed and yeast were chosen better as sources of polysaccharide for large animal studies where their influence on gut microflora could be studied in a more meaningful way. In these cases, the polysaccharides were glucans - a heterogeneous group of (3-linked polyglucoses and which have attracted the attention of the pharmaceutical and functional food industry because of their positive effects on animal and human health. The prebiotic properties of cereal, algal and yeast P-glucans were thus investigated at the microbiological and molecular level on the Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium (potential probiotics populations) and enterobacterium group in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Throughout the thesis, the effects of supplementing porcine diets with various forms of these polysaccharides were evaluated using conventional plating and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). These results clearly showed the interspecies fluctuations of the lactobacilli, bifidobacteria in some cases in response to the diets, and it also documented the effects on members of the enterobacteria. Research and development of these biotic products have helped pave the way towards finding a successful replacement for antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) during the weaning phase of pig production.

Banluehan, J, Tunchai, M.

International Journal of Agricultural Technology • 2025

Bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak are major rice diseases caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). In this study, rhizosphere soil samples were collected from healthy rice in Suphanburi, Kanchanaburi, and Surin provinces of Thailand. Among 135 bacterial strains isolated from the soil samples, only six isolates were selected mainly based on their strong antagonistic activity against Xoo. By dual-culture test, isolated strain KRI2 provided the largest Xoo inhibition zone diameters of 30.16 mm, followed by SRN19 and SPB1_1 with diameters of 24.30 mm and 24.06 mm, respectively. The largest Xoc inhibition zone diameter was obtained from strain SRN19 (15.46 mm), followed by strain SPB1_1 (14.21 mm) and strain SPB1_10 (14.00 mm). In addition, all six selected strains were able to inhibit the growth of Curvularia lunata, the rice pathogenic fungus. Morphological characterization revealed that all six strains were Gram-positive bacteria with rod shape. Molecular characterization by 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis exhibited that all six strains belong to the genus Bacillus. Four isolated strains, SPB1_1, SPB1_10, SRN19, and KRI6, were identified as Bacillus velezensis. KRI2 and KRI4 were identified as Bacillus sonorensis and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. Besides, antagonist-related lytic enzyme production ability and plant growth-promoting traits of the six strains were observed. It was found that all six strains were able to produce protease and cellulase but showed an ability to solubilize phosphate and nitrogen fixation slightly.

, HB Ahmad, HMS Bai et al.

Special Bacterial Pathogens Journal • 2015

Background: The appetite for fast food in developing countries continues to rise although plans to regulate how these foods are safely delivered to the consumers are not common if they exist. Objective: To determine the Bacterial and fungal burdens of local packing papers used for roasted meat in Kano State Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Standard microbiological methods were used to determine the bacterial and fungal loads of 108 locally improvised packaging papers for fast food roasted meats in strategic locations of the Kano metropolis. The packaging materials were obtained from consenting roasted meat vendors in the Kano metropolis. Appropriate aseptic precautions were adopted to ensure a good, reliable, and reproducible result. Result: The mean aerobic bacterial count observed ranged between 9.9 x 104 and 2.47 x 105 –3.09 x 102 cfu/ml and 1, 24 to 3.09 x 102 cfu/ml for fungi respectively. High counts of both bacteria and fungi were found in samples of meat wrapping papers. B. cereus and E. coli were isolated from 55% and 100% of samples of meat wrapping papers respectively. The roasted meat wrapping papers included old newspapers (80%), used exercise books (8%), and disposed of office printed stationeries (12%). The most probable bacterial number MPN showed that the papers for meat packaging were more exposed to contamination (75MPN/ml) while the paper plate had (7MPN/ml). Conclusion: The papers used for roasted meat fast food were found to be unsafe and unfit for packaging purposes as they can easily be a source of disease epidemic due to the confirmed loads of bacterial and fungal pathogens. The factory sterilized paper plates are also not free from microbial contamination but might be due to exposure to unsanitary storage and marketing conditions during delivery to end-users.

P. Choubey

Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology • 2021

Food production has been increased as a result of the fast adoption of biotechnological techniques that allow for the quick discovery of new chemicals and microbes, as well as the genetic enhancement of established species. Microorganisms have never been more prevalent in fields such as agriculture and medicine in history, save as wellknown villains. Currently, however, different agricultural crops require helpful microbes such as plant growth promoters and controllers for phytopathogens, and many species are utilised as bio-factories for essential pharmaceutical compounds.

Owen W. Duckworth

Encyclopedia of Water • 2019

Abstract Microbes actively release myriad chemicals into the environment. The compounds impact the chemical environment, biological community, and biogeochemical processes in the immediate vicinity of the cell. This entry describes five operationally defined classes of compounds (e.g. extracellular polymeric substances, metallophores, enzymes, signaling compounds, and antibiotics) that are produced and exuded by microbes. These exudates play diverse roles in adhesion, nutrient uptake, intra‐organism interactions, and microbial ecology. In turn, they have macroscale impacts on ecosystem compositions, water resources, biogeochemical processes, and human health.

Van Quan Tran, Van Loi Giap

Journal of Science and Transport Technology • 2022

Small cracks are inherent in cementitious-based structures. This causes deterioration of buildings, reducing the bearing capacity of structures due to the invasion of harmful substances as well as corrosion of reinforcement in cementitious material. Therefore, the cementitious material needs to be restored and these voids filled. Self-healing cementitious material has been strongly developed for long time in the world. However, this technology has not been popular in Vietnam. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to find the appropriate mix-design for creating self-healing cementitious material in Vietnam conditions. Experimental results show that the mixture including bacillus subtilis and calcium lactate can be used for creating the self-healing cementitious materials. Mixing directly the mixture in the cement is selected to manufacture the self-healing cementitious materials. It seems that the width of crack affects more on healing ability than the length of crack.

Sudad H Al-Obaidi

• 2020

The tasks of applying new technologies of oil production are urgent. These technologies must significantly be able to increase the oil recovery of already developed formations, where it is no longer possible to extract significant residual oil reserves by traditional methods. Among these technologies is the microbial enhanced oil recovery method (MEOR). It is a tertiary crude oil recovery technology that allows partial recovery of residual oil that cannot be recovered by primary and secondary methods, thereby extending the life of developed oil reservoirs. MEOR is based on the activation of reservoir microflora. A special group of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms is able to metabolize hydrocarbons, producing organic solvents such as alcohols and aldehydes, fatty acids with surface activity, gaseous products and other metabolites that increase the mobility of oil.

Geraldine Sandana Mala John

Applied Microbiology: Theory ＆ Technology • 2023

Dr. J. Geraldine Sandana Mala John, Guest Editor of Special Column on Microbial Nanotechnology, writes this editorial to summarize the practical academic value of the existing following two review papers published in special column: 1. Antibacterial Properties of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles-An Overview https://ojs.wiserpub.com/index.php/AMTT/article/view/2230 2. Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Applications-A Review https://ojs.wiserpub.com/index.php/AMTT/article/view/2530 As an introductory information, this editorial is useful for all readers to overall the main contents, aspects, and academic values of Microbial Nanotechnology.

Advance in Environmental Waste Management & Recycling • 2021

Environmental pollution is the global sensitive issues currently resulting ecological crises, drastic climate change and biodiversity loss. Bioremediation is one of an ecofriendly and cost effective alternative strategy for removing different pollutant waste using microorganisms. Different types of ex-situ and in-situ bioremediation service these are biopiling, composting, Land farming, bioventing, biosparging, biostimulation, bioagumention are employed to treat heavy metal waste, Petroleum hydrocarbon, agro-industreal, dyestuff, agrochemicals, organic and volatile compound, lignocellulose biomass and nuclear waste. Several microorganisms (natural/exotic/ engineered) having specific metabolic capability and various enzyme production ability which fall under six main divisions include Oxidoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolases, Lyases, Isomerases and Ligases (synthetases) are used during bioremediation process. Understanding the mechanism, mode of action and role of microorgsnism in bioremediation process is essential to utilize microorganism potential and designe waste management strategy.

Kyeong-Seok Kwon, Jong-Bok Kim, Byeonghyeon Kim et al.

Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society • 2023

Energy loads for layer standard design models presented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (2019) were evaluated. The BES technique was adopted to calculate periodic heating and cooling loads of layer houses by region, building scale, number of heads, and wall and roof insulation conditions. The designed BES model considered real-time latent heat generation from layers and variations in ventilation rate according to indoor and outdoor environmental conditions. Variations of periodic heating loads for layer houses were relatively higher than periodic cooling loads according to wall and roof thickness changes shown in a previous study. BES computed periodic heating and cooling loads under various conditions could be utilized to establish standard designs for layer houses, especially regarding physical insulation characteristics based on considerations of energy efficiency and cost. Regression equations for predicting heating and cooling loads of layer houses were derived (adjusted r-square values were 0.93 and 0.86, respectively) to facilitate the development of energy load self-assessment tools for layer farmers

Ika Makherta Sutadji

Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi, dan Sains • 2024

This research aims to explore and formulate a sustainable and futuristic-oriented development strategy for the capital of the archipelago that can integrate the principles of environmental, economic, and social sustainability in addition to utilizing sustainable advanced technology. This study employs an exploratory qualitative research methodology. and descriptive study design. This approach is carried out by collecting and analyzing data in depth through a document study. This study uses data analysis techniques by making a SWOT analysis to assess the advantages, disadvantages, and opportunities faced during the development of the Indonesian capital. Thus, it can be said that the overall plan for development for the Indonesian capital is sustainable and futuristic using an integrated approach by applying ESG sustainability principles and the use of environmentally friendly technology. Urban development close to the 20th century was accompanied by the growth of urbanization processes without planning so cities experienced gradual inefficiency, which resulted in the erosion of old buildings that were unable to fulfill the requirements of society. Through the above policies, it’s hoped that Indonesian capital will develop into a futuristic-oriented sustainable city by integrating the principles of ESG (environmental, social, and economic) sustainability using advanced, environmentally friendly technology. Recommendation formulation regarding the sustainable and futuristic-oriented development strategy for the Indonesian capital consists of Environmental Policy, Economic Policy, Social Policy, Planning and Supervision Policy, Technology Policy, and Collaboration and Participation for Sustainable City Futuristic.

Serhiy Pohorielov, Natalia Ryzhikova

Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences) • 2021

The current stage of development of Ukraine's economy is characterized by changing priorities of national progress. Thus, in the context of globalization of social and socio-economic processes, the world community determines the starting point of social progress is human development and qualitative contributions to human potential, in relation to which the culture of production, productivity and other priorities are secondary. Today, the achievement of economic development through large-scale introduction of economic products of intellectual labor such as knowledge, technology, scientific and technical developments, etc. for their commercialization and socio-economic effect, is recognized as a model of innovative development of the EU economy.
 Ukraine's chosen path of integration into the European Union requires convergence and integration of the national economic system into the systems of EU countries. This puts Ukraine in front of the choice of implementing the development model that the EU has adopted as the basic one, ie the model of innovative development.
 Special requirements for the nature and pace of development of the national economy after its recovery from many years of deep crisis are the tasks of ensuring its reproductive innovation cycle on a new technological basis in a market economy, as well as ensuring the social orientation of this reproductive cycle. , internal and external resources, achieving a faster pace of development dynamics compared to the leading countries of the world in accordance with the direction of progress of the world economy.
 Thus, the adoption of an innovative model of development of the national economy will ensure its competitiveness and entry into the trajectory of sustainable development. Therefore, the transition to an innovative model of national economic development is gradually becoming an imperative of public policy. This is, first of all, to establish effective legal regulation of relations in the field of innovation.