Christel Laberty-Robert, Ozlem Sel, Karine Valle et al.

ECS Transactions • 2009

We develop a sol-gel based strategy for the synthesis of hybrid organic-inorganic membranes for PEMFC. This approach consists in growing a functionalized (-SO3H) mesoporous SiO2 network in a hydrophobic fluorinated polymer (PVDF-co-HFP). We used different processes to fabricate these membranes including solvent casting and spray-coating. These different methods allow a control of the microstructure of the inorganic network in the polymer at different scales which in turn does influence proton transport throughout the inorganic mesostructured network. The interfacial area between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains can be tuned and conductivity values comparable to Nafion at 60{degree sign}C under 100% humidity were achieved.

Daniel J. L. Brett, Anthony R. Kucernak, Patricia Aguiar et al.

ChemPhysChem • 2010

Abstract Fuel cell performance is determined by the complex interplay of mass transport, energy transfer and electrochemical processes. The convolution of these processes leads to spatial heterogeneity in the way that fuel cells perform, particularly due to reactant consumption, water management and the design of fluid‐flow plates. It is therefore unlikely that any bulk measurement made on a fuel cell will accurately represent performance at all parts of the cell. The ability to make spatially resolved measurements in a fuel cell provides one of the most useful ways in which to monitor and optimise performance. This Minireview explores a range of in situ techniques being used to study fuel cells and describes the use of novel experimental techniques that the authors have used to develop an ‘experimental functional map’ of fuel cell performance. These techniques include the mapping of current density, electrochemical impedance, electrolyte conductivity, contact resistance and CO poisoning distribution within working PEFCs, as well as mapping the flow of reactant in gas channels using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). For the high‐temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), temperature mapping, reference electrode placement and the use of Raman spectroscopy are described along with methods to map the microstructural features of electrodes. The combination of these techniques, applied across a range of fuel cell operating conditions, allows a unique picture of the internal workings of fuel cells to be obtained and have been used to validate both numerical and analytical models.

J. St‐Pierre

Fuel Cells • 2011

Abstract An oxygen transport model derived for limiting current density operation was employed to explore its use for hydrogen transport. Limiting current data obtained from a variety of fuel cell designs (alkaline, proton exchange membrane, sulphuric acid) demonstrated the model's validity and allowed determination of the hydrogen mass transport coefficient, a key cell performance parameter. Under specific operating conditions, the proposed model is consistent with the continuous stirred tank reactor and the logarithmic mean concentration difference models. The proposed model is preferable because it is more general and derived from a specific physical mechanism. Experimental precautions needed to ensure well‐defined limiting currents without the presence of artefacts were reemphasized and expanded. Model use for predictive purposes is also briefly discussed.

А. M. Mukha, М. О. Kostin, О. Y. Kurylenko et al.

Science and Transport Progress • 2017

Purpose.The scientific work is intended to analyse the expansion of the load range and the implementation of regeneration braking (RB) of the direct current drive by using the supercondenser power storage units. Methodology.To solve the problem, we use the methods of the electric drive theory, impulse electronics and the method of calculation of transient electromagnetic processes in linear electric circuits in the presence of super-condensers therein. Findings.The stiffness of the mechanical and electromechanical characteristics of a series motor is significantly increased, which makes it possible to use a DC drive under load, much smaller than 15…20% of the nominal one. Numerical calculations of the operation process of the supercondenser power storage unit were fulfilled with a sharp decrease in the load of a traction electric motor of a direct current electric locomotive. The possibility of RB of the direct current drive with the series motor is substantiated. The equations of the process of charging and discharging of super-condenser storage unit in RB mode are solved. The authors examined the effect of capacitance on the nature of maintaining the excitation current of an electric motor in the mode of small loads.Originality.The paper developed theoretical approaches for the transformation of soft (mechanical and electromechanical) characteristics into hard ones of DC series motors. For the first time a new, combined method of the series motor RB is proposed and substantiated. Further development obtained the methods for evaluating the storage unit parameters, taking into account the criteria for reliable parallel operation of super-condensers with an electric motor field. Practical value.The proposed and substantiated transformation of soft characteristics into stiff ones allows us to use general-purpose electric drives with series motors and at low loads, and in traction electric drives - to reduce the intensity of electric stockwheel slipping. Thedevelopedmethodofsolvingtransitionalequationsmakesitpossibletotakeintoaccounttherandomnatureofthevoltagechangeonthemotorinsuper-condenserdrivechargeanddischargemodes. The proposed combined method makes it possible to carry out RB at low speeds of the motor armature as well, and thus to increase energy efficiency of operation of electric drives of this type.

Panuwat Ekdharmasuit

E3S Web of Conferences • 2019

A dual-cell passive direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) stack with single ethanol tank was designed and tested to obtain the voltage requirement of electronics and to reduce weight and volume for practical applications. Ethanol crossover and cell performance were determined at different ethanol feed concentrations. Characterization techniques were used, including a cell polarization tests, a long-term steady voltage discharging measurement, and an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found that, before long-term steady voltage test, the optimum ethanol feed concentration was 2 M. The ethanol crossover increases with ethanol concentration increment over 2 M and the ethanol crossover exhibited a negative effect on the open circuit voltage (OCV) and the cell performance. However, after a long-term steady voltage test, the best ethanol feed concentration was changed to 3 M. It was due to the difference of current density discharged during long-term operation. It can also be found that, after long-term steady voltage test, the cell resistance was apparently reduced. It may be explained that the mass transport of both liquid fuel and air as a reactant in the cell structure reached equilibrium during long-term operation.

V. Wittebolle

Volume 2: Mgmt. Low/Interm. Level Waste; Spent Fuel; Economics/Analyses for Waste Mgmt.; Radiological Characterization/Application Release Criteria; Panel Sessions; Solid Waste Reduction/Treatment; Current Activities in Central/Eastern Europe; Environmental Remediation Technology; LL/ILW; HLW/Spent Fuel; Chernobyl; D&D Waste; Performance Assessment; MOX and Spent UOX; D&D Nuclear Reactors; Decommissioning of Other Nuclear Facilities • 2001

Abstract In Belgium 57% of the electricity is presently generated by 7 nuclear units of the PWR type located in Doel and Tihange. Their total output amounts to 5632 MWe. Part of the spent fuel unloaded from the first three units has been sent till 2000 for reprocessing in the Cogema facility at La Hague. As the reprocessing of the spent fuel produced by the last four units is not covered by the contracts concluded with Cogema, Synatom, the Belgian utilities’ subsidiary in charge of the front- and back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle for all PWR reactors in Belgium, decided to study the possible solutions for a temporary storage of this spent fuel. End of 1993, the Belgian government decided that reprocessing (closed cycle) and direct disposal (open cycle) of spent fuel had to be considered as equal options in the back-end policy for nuclear fuel in Belgium. The resolution further allowed continued execution of a running reprocessing contract (from 1978) and use of the corresponding Pu for MOX in Belgian NPP’s, but requested a reprocessing contract concluded in 1990 (for reprocessing services after 2000) not to be executed during a five-year period. During this period priority was to be given to studies on the once-through cycle as an option for spent fuel management. Figure 1 is a chart showing the two alternatives for the spent fuel cycle in Belgium. In this context, Synatom entrusted Belgatom1 to develop a dedicated flask (called “bottle”) for direct disposal of spent fuel, to perform a design study of an appropriate encapsulation process and to prepare a preliminary feasibility study of a complete spent fuel conditioning plant. Meanwhile preparation works were made for the construction of an interim storage facility on both NPP sites of Doel and Tihange in order to meet increasing storage capacity needs. For selecting the type of interim storage facility, Belgatom performed a technical-economical analysis. Considerations of design and safety criteria as well as flexibility, reversibility, technical constraints, global economical aspects and construction time led to adopt dry storage with dual purpose casks (in operation since end 1995) for the Doel site and wet storage in a modular pool for the Tihange site (in operation since 1997). In parallel, ONRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Agency for the management of radioactive waste and enriched fissile materials and the Belgian nuclear research centre, SCK•CEN, conduct underground investigations in view of geological disposal. The paper describes the methodology that Belgatom has developed to provide the utilities with appropriate solutions (reracking, dry storage in casks, wet storage in ponds, etc.) and how Belgatom demonstrated also the feasibility of spent fuel conditioning with a view to direct disposal in clay layers. The spent fuel storage facilities in operation in Belgium and designed and built by Belgatom are then briefly presented.

Zan Huang, Xiuhua Ma, Hua Xiao et al.

Journal of Physics: Conference Series • 2025

Abstract In this paper, the effect of ammonia blending ratio from 0% to 100% on the engine power performance was investigated using numerical simulation at different speeds (1000, 2000 and 3000) rpm for a single cylinder ignition type internal combustion engine LPG-NH 3 dual fuel. It was found that the best engine power performance was achieved at 70% ammonia blending ratio with an increase in brake power and brake torque of around 18% compared to pure LPG.

G. Velvizhi, S. Venkata Mohan

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy • 2013

Influence of inherent buffering nature of real field pharmaceutical wastewater (PW) was evaluated in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) at varying organic loads (OL1‐OL4). Dynamics of in situ buffers present in the wastewater during remediation enhanced the electrogenic activity. Improvement in power density (PD) and open circuit voltage (OCV) was observed as the organic load increased from OL1 to OL4 (PD of 62.45 to137 mW/m 2 ; OCV‐245 to 324 mV). It was concluded from the buffering capacity ( β ) profiles that base β values were relatively more stable than acid β values indicating the dynamics of nutrients and salts present in PW. pH increased with increase in OL documenting improvement in power output and waste remediation. Present study depicted an optimum pH range suitable for effective operation of MFC for bioelectrogenesis using PW as substrate. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 454–462, 2014

Keerthi Katam, Maythee Saisriyoot, Supacharee Roddecha et al.

E3S Web of Conferences • 2022

In general, lignocellulose biorefinery has the main functions to fractionate biomass compositions and convert them to value-added products. However, leftover organic compounds in output streams are mixed with large amounts of wastewater becoming the cost and burden for treatment. Therefore, to close the loop of circular economy, this review paper explores the potential of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a sustainable and efficient way to convert lignocellulose residue, a byproduct of biorefinery processes, into electricity. Lignocellulose residue is a complex mixture of carbohydrates and lignin that is often difficult to dispose of properly. By using MFCs, this waste material can be converted into valuable energy while reducing the environmental impact of its disposal. The paper covers the different types of MFCs, their working principles, and their potential application in lignocellulose residue conversion. It also discusses the factors that affect the performance of MFCs, including substrate availability, electrode material, and reactor design. Additionally, the paper reviews the current state of research in this area, highlighting recent advances and identifying areas for future exploration. Overall, this review paper demonstrates the promise of MFCs as a sustainable and innovative approach to converting lignocellulose residue into electricity.

Liping Huang, Xianhai Yang, Xie Quan et al.

Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology • 2009

Abstract BACKGROUND: Coking wastewater is generated from coal coking, coal gas purification, and by‐product recovery processes. Increased interest is being focused on finding more sustainably effective and energy‐efficient methods for treating this wastewater. In this work, a system termed microbial fuel cell‐electro‐oxidation (MFC‐EO) was developed for simultaneous coking wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation. RESULTS: Raw coking wastewater was first treated using MFCs. Power production, removal of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and total nitrogen (TN) reached 538 ± 9 mW m −2 , 52 ± 1% and 50 ± 1%, respectively. Wastewater strength and phosphate addition were evaluated for the enhancement of power production and treatment efficiency. At the EO stage, the effect of current density and chloride concentration on pollutant abatement, current efficiency (CE EO ) and energy consumption (EC EO ) were investigated. The overall removal of TCOD and TN was 82 ± 1% and 68 ± 1%, respectively using the MFC‐EO process. CONCLUSIONS: A MFC‐EO process was developed for the first time for simultaneous bioelectricity generation and coking wastewater treatment. This study attempted to combine MFCs with a conventional EO process for coking wastewater treatment. Further strategies need to be investigated to optimize reactor configuration using low‐cost and highly efficient electrode materials. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

M Sogani, K Sonu, Z Syed et al.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science • 2023

Abstract Bananas comprise essential nutrients which can be used for a variety of purposes. This study aims at the preparation of a bio-stimulating fertilizer from banana peels. Different physical and chemical characterizations of the extracted biofertilizer were performed. The biofertilizer extracted from banana peels was applied to a black gram crop grown in a plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC). According to the results, an increase in the dose of banana peel extract to the black gram crop caused the germination rate to increase. After 7 days of planting, the germination rate of the black gram crop improved from 12% (control without biofertilizer) to 100% (20 ml/l of biofertilizer). The maximum power density recorded in PMFC employed with biofertilizer was 260 mW/m 2 which was 2.65 times higher than the control. Higher biomass was also obtained with the addition of biofertilizer in PMFC within 60 working days which in turn led to higher generation of bioelectricity.

Thais Gonzalez, Juan Pablo Miranda, Gladys Vidal

Global NEST International Conference on Environmental Science & Technology • 2022

The combination of constructed wetlands (CWs) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has emerged in recent years with the purpose of enhancing wastewater treatment efficiency of CWs while simultaneously generating electricity. Taking the above into account, the aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of MFC integration on organic matter and nutrient removal in a constructed wetland. The results showed that NH4+-N concentration reduced from 66.5 ±9.4 at day 0 (influent) to 4.5±0.4 mg/L and 7.03±3.93mg/L for the integrated system and control system, respectively. In terms of the NH4+-N removal efficiency, an enhancement of the nitrification rate (Ni) was observed when MFC was integrated in VSSF (120.6±1.5 mg/m2 d for control system and 166.8±2.3 mg/m2 d for integrated system). The average COD removal efficiencies were 89.36±2.67% and 94.2±5.9% in the CW and CW-MFC, respectively, obtaining a voltage close to 250 mV. The maximum power density generated was 4.75 mW/m2. In conclusion, the removal efficiencies of COD and NH4+-N in VSSF were 89.4 and 88.4%, respectively, while in CW-MFC were 94.3 and 93.2 %. Therefore, the integrating of a MFC into CW does not have adverse effects on the capacity of the CW to efficiently domestic wastewater treatment.

Aiden Peakman, Thomas Bennett, Kerr Fitzgerald et al.

EPJ Web of Conferences • 2020

Current industry practice in fuel licensing often relies on thermo-mechanical modeling of a fuel rod with an artificially constructed bounding power history. The benefit of this approach is that it is computationally efficient; however, the drawbacks are that 1) such an approach is not always conservative, for instance when modelling phenomena related to late onset pellet-clad gap closure; and 2) it can poorly estimate available safety margins for fuel operating at high local power densities and/or to high burnup. For these reasons NNL developed an in-house whole-core fuel performance framework – NEXUS – to enable modelling of all fuel rods in the core using the ENIGMA fuel performance code and computed power histories from core simulation packages (currently limited to PARCS or SIMULATE). One of the main objectives was to create a tool that was both computationally efficient and user friendly. The former was achieved by making use of parallelisable architecture, while the latter was achieved by minimising necessary user input and providing tools for easy interrogation of the fuel performance output. NEXUS has been applied to several LWR operational scenarios, which we summarise in this paper, including steady-state operation of an ABWR, and a rod ejection accident in a small modular soluble boron free PWR and a GWe-class PWR. We also summarise current development activities related to integrating NNL’s in-house fuel performance Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis software CASINO into the NEXUS framework.

Narcis Mihail Bacescu, Sebastiano Hueller, Luca Marchi et al.

Forests • 2024

Extreme climate events are increasingly damaging forests, particularly in Europe’s Alps. These disturbances lead to more damaged timber, necessitating rapid salvage operations to preserve timber value and protect ecosystems. However, salvage logging, though essential, raises concerns about its environmental impact, especially on soil conservation and forest regeneration. To mitigate these effects, best practices such as leaving logging residues and avoiding wet soils are recommended. Nevertheless, fuel efficiency remains a critical concern. This study focuses on addressing gaps in understanding forwarder productivity in salvage logging, considering factors such as assortment number, extraction distance, and payload. Utilizing Automatic Work-Element Detection (AWED) for data collection, this study enhances fuel efficiency analysis. Findings show that the average cycle time was 27.4 min, with 4.9 L of fuel consumed per cycle. Each cycle covered 241.3 m, extracting 11.7 m3 of timber, yielding a productivity rate of 31.6 m3 per machine hour and a fuel efficiency of 0.4 L per m3 and per 100 m. Traveling was the most time- and fuel-intensive task. Assortment type significantly impacted loading time and fuel consumption, with short sawlogs requiring fewer crane cycles. Key factors influencing productivity and fuel efficiency were average log volume, distance, payload, and slope.

Chang Wei, Zhien Liu, Chufu Li et al.

Research Square • 2020

Abstract This paper provides status update of IGFC power generation system being developed at National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon (NICE) at MW th scale. This system is designed to use coal as fuel to produce syngas as a first step similar to integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC). Subsequently, the solid oxide fuel cell system is used to convert chemical energy to electricity electrochemically without combustion, which is different from IGCC. This system leads to a higher efficiency as compared to a traditional coal-fired power plant. The unreacted fuel in the SOFC system is transported to an oxygen-combustor to be converted to steam and CO 2 . Through heat recovery system, the steam is condensed and removed, and CO 2 is enriched and captured for sequestration or other application, such as co-electrolysis of CO 2 and H 2 O using curtailed renewable energy for production of syngas. Comprehensive economic analysis for a typical IGFC system was performed and the results were compared with supercritical pulverized coal-fired (SCPC) power plant, showing the cost of electricity (COE) of IGFC could be up to 20% lower than that by SCPC with CO 2 capture. The SOFC stacks selected for IGFC development were tested and qualified under both hydrogen and simulated coal syngas fuel showing good consistency and stable long term performance. Experimental results using SOFC stacks and thermodynamic analysis (using ASPEN Plus) indicate that the hydrogen to CO ratio of the syngas is preferred to be 1.68 or higher to avoid carbon deposition inside of the fuel pipe. For lower H 2 /CO ratio, steam to CO ratio needs to be higher. Besides, the steam needs to be mixed well with the syngas above 100 o C and below the temperatures where carbon formation is thermodynamically favored. The 20kW SOFC power generation unit is being developed with design system conditions of 20 kW maximum power, current density of 0.334 A/cm 2 , DC efficiency of 50.41%, and fuel utilization of 80%. A 100kW subsystem will consist of 6 x 20kW power generation units, and the MW th IGFC system will consist of 5 x 100kW sub-systems.

Nipon Pisutpaisal, Ubonrat Sirisukpoca

Advanced Materials Research • 2012

The study investigated bioelectricity generation from three types of wastewaters including artificial (AW), buffered brewery (BW) and buffered canteen (CW), in double chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations of influent were varied in the range of 125 - 1000 mg L-1. Influent pH and operation temperature were fixed at 7 and 30oC. 0.35 mL min -1 wastewater was fed into a half-cell anodic chamber, while 5 mL min-1 oxygen-saturated distilled water was fed into a half-cell cathodic chamber. The circuit resistance was fixed at 10 ohms. The results showed that maximum current output obtained from AW, BW and CW with the initial BOD concentration of 1000 mg L -1 were 0.92, 0.78 and 0.70 mA, respectively. The currents were directly proportional to the BOD concentrations in the influent for all wastewaters. The maximum BOD removal of AW, BW and CW was 90, 65 and 75%, respectively.

David Diskin, Leonid Tartakovsky

SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility • 2021

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Power and efficiency characteristics of a hybrid cycle combining an electrochemical device (Fuel-Cell) and an internal combustion engine (ICE) were analyzed using the low-dissipation model. The low-dissipation model links energy dissipation with the energy transfer rate through the cycle. In the considered cycle, the electrochemical device transforms chemical potential of the fuel to electrical work, and the ICE uses the heat rejected by the electrochemical device and its exhaust effluent for mechanical work production. The cycle efficiency was calculated as a function of the hybridization level. The latter is defined as the electrical work fraction in the total cycle work. The results of the study show that the cycle efficiency is growing with the electrical work fraction increase. On the other hand, maximum power of the cycle is attained at an intermediate hybridization level. Moreover, power to weight ratio and power density of the cycle have maxima at different hybridization level. Cycle cooling losses are modeled as heat leak to the ambient that depends on the temperature and the duration of the cycle. Cooling losses are found to be the most influential parameter in optimization of the hybridization level for maximum power. In the extreme case of zero cooling losses, maximum power could be attained with ICE operation alone without the electrochemical reaction. The latter finding might be of interest for aerial propulsion systems. However, if efficiency is more important - for example for ground propulsion systems - the hybrid cycle is beneficial.</div></div>

Mehmet Büyük, Murat Mustafa Savrun, Mustafa İnci

International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields • 2022

Abstract This study presents a novel wireless power transfer (WPT) system structure that transmits electrical energy from a fuel cell (FC) stack integrated with a quadratic boost converter (QBC). The main objective of the proposed study is to provide a high voltage conversion QBC based WPT system to transfer power from a low voltage FC energy unit. To adjust the power flow from the FC unit with nonlinear production behavior, a pre‐regulating WPT system is developed with QBC located on the transmitting side. Besides, the design procedure of the system with analytical equations is expressed in detail. To validate the viability and effectiveness of the proposed WPT system, a 100 W proof‐of‐concept model is developed with Horizon H‐100, and analyzed for different case studies, including dynamic operating and loading conditions. The constructed WPT system is performed for 80%, 90%, and 100% loading situations. At full loading, the performance results show that the load‐side consumes power in the rating of 77.8 W while the FC power source generates approximately 93.1 W. In this case, the efficiency of the system corresponds to 83.6%. Besides, the efficiency of the complete system is analyzed under various operating conditions.

Muhammad Iftikhar, Muhammad Aamir, Asad Waqar et al.

Energies • 2018

This paper presents line-interactive transformerless Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) with a fuel cell as the prime energy source. The proposed UPS consists of three major parts (i.e., an output inverter, a unidirectional DC–DC converter, and a battery charger/discharger). Non-isolated topologies of both the unidirectional converter and battery charger/discharger ensure transformerless operation of the UPS system. A new topology of high gain converter is employed for boosting the low voltage of the fuel cell to a higher DC link voltage, with minimum semiconductor count, and high efficiency. A high-gain battery charger/discharger realizes the bidirectional operation between the DC link and the battery bank. Besides, it regulates the DC link voltage during the cold start of fuel cells and keeps the battery bank voltage to only 24 V. A new inverter control scheme is introduced that regulates the output voltage and minimizes the total harmonic distortion for non-linear loading condition. The proposed control scheme integrates proportional-resonant control with slide mode control, which improves the controller’s performance in transient conditions. The proposed UPS system is validated by developing a 1-kVA experimental prototype.

Hideyuki Uechi, Shinji Kimijima, Nobuhide Kasagi

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power • 2004

Hybrid systems, which are based on a micro gas turbine (μGT) and a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), are expected to achieve much higher efficiency than traditional μGT’s. In this paper, the effects of cycle design parameters on the performance and feasibility of a μGT-SOFC hybrid system of 30 kW power output are investigated. It is confirmed that the hybrid system is much superior to a recuperated gas turbine in terms of its power generation efficiency and aptitude for small distributed generation. General design strategy is found that less direct fuel input to a combustor as well as higher recuperator effectiveness leads to higher generation efficiency, while higher steam-carbon ratio moderates requirements for the material strength. The best possible conceptual design of a 30-kW μGT-SOFC hybrid system is shown to give power generation efficiency over 65% (lower heating value).

T Ramesh, L Dharunprasath, S Kaliappan et al.

International Journal of Engineering & Technology • 2018

This paper presents the performance of a hybrid solar PV/ Fuel Cell/ FC system with a PMDC motor load. The hybrid system supplies power to the DC motor during day and night. In order to obtain continuous supply to the load, a control strategy is implemented in the system. By using this control strategy, the solar PV and the fuel cell supply the voltage to the load by getting constant supply from the DC link during day and night. The DC-DC interleaved soft switching boost converter (ISSBC) with Incremental conductance maximum power point tracking technique (INC MPPT) is used to maintain constant DC link voltage. When the power deficit happens in the solar PV, the hydrogen stored in the tank is used by the fuel cell stack and supplies power to the load. The entire system is modeled and the performance of the hybrid system is analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Mohammad M. Hasani-Sadrabadi, Seyyed R. Ghaffarian, Erfan Dashtimoghaddam

ECS Transactions • 2009

Polymeric nanocomposite membranes were prepared through incorporating ZSM-5 type zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3=25) as molecular sieves into Nafion matrix for the direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) applications. The transport properties of prepared membranes were characterized by measuring the methanol diffusion coefficient and proton conductivity. Nanocomposite membrane with 3.0 wt% ZSM-5 loading showed membrane selectivity of approximately 100,000 in comparison with 40,500 of Nafion117, and also a higher power density (172 mW.cm−2) than Nafion® 117 (108 mW.cm−2) for single cell DMFC in a 5 molar methanol feed.

Lingling Gong, Mehran Abbaszadeh Amirdehi, Amine Miled et al.

Sustainable Energy & Fuels • 2020

Oscillating ambient temperatures cause spikes in output voltage of soil microbial fuel cells, independent of temperature direction. The resulting output is higher than could be achieved at any constant temperature.

J. Q. Jiang, Q. L. Zhao, K. Wang et al.

Water Science and Technology • 2010

Both ultrasonic and alkaline pretreatment of excess sewage sludge were investigated to enhance organic degradation and electricity generation from sludge by the subsequent microbial fuel cell (MFC). The ultrasonic pretreatment showed that the degree of sludge disintegration was directly related to the energy input, ultrasonic density and duration. Alkaline pretreatment demonstrated that more soluble organic matters were released from the sludge with more NaOH dose and longer reaction time, and the degree of sludge disintegration within 30 min accounted for 45–76% of that for 24 h. When ultrasonic and alkaline pretreatment were combined, the released chemical oxygen demand (COD) was higher than those with ultrasonic or alkaline pretreatment alone. Ultrasonic and alkaline (pH=11) pretreatment could enhance electricity generation from sludge by the subsequent MFC, resulting in more degradation of total COD (TCOD) and volatile solids (VS). Slight change in power output from the MFC was observed due to the higher soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge. By using the combined ultrasonic and alkaline pretreatment of sludge, the removal efficiencies of TCOD and VS were increased from 27.1% to 61.0% and 35.2% to 62.9% in comparison with raw sludge, respectively, and the power output in MFC was slightly increased from 10.3 W/m3 to 12.5 W/m3.

Chin‐Tsan Wang, Aristotle T. Ubando, Hung‐Xun Li et al.

International Journal of Energy Research • 2022

Summary Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are recognized as a state‐of‐the‐art technology that generates biochemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. MFCs include a series of metabolizing organic material from wastewater and allow its treatment while providing the opportunity to generate electricity. It is to be noted that the buffer used commonly in MFCs is relatively costly and quantified to have environmental impacts when applied in commercial wastewater treatment. To address the concern related to the buffer, this work proposes to evaluate a geometrical design of honeycomb whose inner diameters (0.4, 0.7, 1.2 cm) and lengths (2.5, 5 cm) were selected to replace the buffer. With the introduction of the honeycomb design, the study also aims to investigate its effect on the performance of recirculation within the MFCs. This is then evaluated under the optimal operational flow rate and pH level, which were already established by previous studies. The results have revealed that the optimal geometry of the honeycomb consists of a dimension with an inner diameter of 1.2 cm and a length of 5 cm. This combination of inner diameter and length of the honeycomb has yielded the highest power density for the MFC at 491 mW m −2 when compared with the other cases. The findings of this study will be useful for the development of a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly MFC when applied in commercial wastewater treatment in the future.

N F Polontalo, F A Joelyna, H Hadiyanto

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering • 2021

Abstract Nowadays, the usage of batik clothes increased would make batik wastewater more desecrate the rivers in Indonesia. Batik wastewater contained much of chemical substances, so that very dangerous. One of environmentally alternatives energy that could solve this problem was Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) which utilizes organic matter as an energy source of microbes in carrying out its metabolic activities to produce electricity. MFC system with microalgae named Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC). In this study, it would investigate the electrical energy produced by MMFC using Chlorella pyrenoidosa as catholyte and batik wastewater as anolyte. This study aims to evaluate performance of MMFC based on the influence of yeast variations (2 gr/L and 8 gr/L), concentration of wastewater (100%v and 50%v), and number of graphite electrode (1:1 and 2:2). The methods started from culturing microalgae. Then, MMFC simulation operated for 7 days. Every 24 hours, voltage and current were measured to be processed into polarization curve. The value of absorbance and COD level of wastewater too. The results of this study showed that 100%v batik wastewater, 2:2 bars graphite electrode, and 8 gr/L yeast addition was the best results in MMFC simulation.

Zufri Hasrudy Siregar

International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) • 2023

The number of motorized vehicles used will also be as much as the use of fossil fuels, as well as the increasing growth of vehicles that increases year by year, which does not affect fuel consumption but population growth. Fuel quality is measured by RON, where the higher the octane value, the better the fuel quality. RON simply describes how much pressure can be exerted before gasoline spontaneously ignites in the combustion chamber of the vehicle. This study aimed to determine the effect of Power, torque and fuel consumption with a mixture of Petalite, Shell V-Power and Ethanol with a test object, namely the Yamaha Scorpio motor. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a type of development research. The result of this study is that Shell V Power fuel, when mixed with ethanol will produce better engine performance, the greater the percentage of methanol introduced into the fuel, the better the performance produced, both torque, power, and fuel consumption, namely at rpm 1000,1500,2000,2500 methanol 8% the most optimal where the time is 174 Sec, Sec 105, Sec 86, Sec 51 Sec. And the force on the Load Cell is 0.535, 0.875, 1.102, 1.421 kgf.

Ika Novia Anggraini, Afriyastuti Herawati

JURNAL AMPLIFIER : JURNAL ILMIAH BIDANG TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN KOMPUTER • 2018

ABSTRACTMicrobial Fuel Cells are devices which convert chemical energy into electrical energy through catalytic reactions by microorganisms. In this study, the potential of electricity in MFC will be analyzed by using samples of sea mud, lake mud, land mud, and river mud. While the method used in this study is one series connected vessel, two vessels connected series with mud-water, two mud-mud series vessels, and the stack series method. The highest electrical conductivity produced by river mud reaches 3.63 mS/cm, while the lowest is lake mud with a conductivity value of 0.35 mS/cm. The highest electric power density produced by river mud by the two mud-mud vessel method is 46.766 mW/m2, while the lowest electrical power density in lake mud is 18.040 mW/m2. The highest electrical power is produced by river mud through a single vessel series system with a maximum power of 7.26 mW, while the lowest power is found in marine mud with a system of two mud-water vessels which is equal to 0.30 mW. The pattern of increase in voltage or current produced by the battery sludge is on average until the 7th day, then a decrease occurs until the last day of testing. The greatest potential for electrical energy is obtained by river mud using a single vessel series system with a maximum voltage of 5.38 V and lasting up to 14 days.Keyword : electric power density, microbial fuel cells, sludge battery

Melisa Acosta-Coll, Adalberto Ospino-Castro, Stalin Carbonell-Navarro et al.

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) • 2021

Plants microbial fuel cells (PMFC) is novel sytem that generates renewable, clean, and sustainable electricity with minimal environmental impact. However, PMFC has limitations in power generation and current density, since its production values is lower than other renewable technologies. Different studies show that the highest limitation for energy generation through MFC is the high resistivity of the cathode, and the solution is to replace the metallic electrodes with non-metallic materials to obtain a better performance, however, the application of these materials requires complex interdisciplinary work. This study conducted three experimental tests using metallic electrodes for the extraction of electrons and combined a black earth substrate with different natural materials, types of plants, and water to determine their influence in the increment of the electric power output.

Alvin Romadhoni Putra Hidayat, Pramastuti Adiar Rukmi, Salsabila Salsabila et al.

Greensphere: Journal of Environmental Chemistry • 2025

Industri elektroplating menghasilkan limbah berbahaya seperti kromium heksavalen (Cr(VI)) yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan manusia. Salah satu metode potensial untuk mengatasi masalah ini adalah penggunaan microbial fuel cell biovolta-adsorpsi. Metode ini menggunakan konsorsium bakteri SV-30 sebagai biovolta untuk mereduksi Cr(VI) menjadi Cr(III), kemudian zeolit Y hierarki digunakan untuk mengadsorpsi Cr(VI) maupun Cr(III) hasil dari proses biovolta. Zeolit Y dimodifikasi menjadi zeolit Y hierarki dengan variasi konsentrasi NaOH sebesar 0,125 M, 0,25 M, dan 0,5 M guna meningkatkan kinerja adsorpsi, serta dikarakterisasi dengan XRD, FTIR, SEM, dan BET. Keunggulan dari metode ini adalah kemampuan bakteri SV-30 dalam mereduksi Cr(VI) sambil menghasilkan arus listrik. Setelah itu, kromium sepenuhnya diadsorpsi oleh zeolit Y dan zeolit Y hierarki. Hasil adsorpsi kromium menggunakan metode MFC berada di bawah ambang batas standar kualitas limbah cair sebagaimana tercantum dalam Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995. Selain itu, metode ini juga menghasilkan potensi listrik sebesar 32 mW/m². Kinerja adsorpsi terbaik diperoleh pada modifikasi zeolit dengan NaOH 0,25 M, dengan kadar total kromium sebesar 0,21 mg/L dan kadar Cr(VI) sebesar 0,01 mg/L. MFC juga mampu menurunkan nilai COD dan BOD yang terkandung dalam limbah.

Kunzheng Wang, Yao Liu, Haolin Qin

Academic Journal of Science and Technology • 2024

The many advantages of solar photovoltaic technology make it bound to be commercially competitive in the coming years, and its development is strategically important. The parameters of the heliostat field, including the positional coordinates of the absorber tower, the size and mounting height of the heliostat mirrors, as well as the number and position of the heliostat mirrors, are designed according to the requirement of the rated annual average thermal power output of 60 MW so that the heliostat field will have the largest possible annual average thermal power output per unit of mirror area under the condition of reaching the rated power. Larger sizes and higher mounting heights of heliostats help to capture more solar energy and thus increase the annual average output thermal power per mirror area. The efficiency and output thermal power of heliostats of different sizes and mounting heights are evaluated by simulating the numerical calculation method and the best combination is found.

LInlin Liu, Marc-Antoine Bansept, Changhong Cao et al.

ChemRxiv • 2024

In this work, three high-surface-area graphite plates were structured by micromilling and incorporated directly microfluidic microbial fuel cells. All MFCs were run individually to verify their high-power outputs and substrate conversion efficiencies. Then the MFCs grew electroactive biofilms with an average 35 µm thickness. They were connected in different stacked configurations to increase raw outputs. In a parallel configuration, the internal resistance was as low as 480 Ω, resulting in outputs in power (595 µW) and current (1.4 mA), which are impressive by microfluidic standards. Adjusting the flow conditions enabled the parallel stack to reach over 70% acetate utilization. A series stack was used to successfully power an environmental multisensor (temperature, humidity) and a wristwatch. We discuss staked systems that could reproduce the results of an 850 L pilot MFC system.

Joseph Staller, Robert P. M. Craven, Stephen Idem et al.

ASME 2022 Power Conference • 2022

Abstract This paper describes a modified F-factor approach for real-time performance monitoring of heat rate and CO2 emissions for fossil fuel power plants. The calculation protocol introduced in the present investigation is a modification of the F-factor method mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It utilizes Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) data to evaluate an F-factor based on actual conditions prevailing in the combustion process, and therefore is less reliant on the use of empirical correction factors. The proposed method is intended to be used in combination with a real-time output-loss performance monitoring approach described herein. It was shown that when modified F-factors were corrected back to standard conditions of stack pressure and temperature, and stoichiometric combustion was assumed, standard EPA F-factors were comparable in magnitude to the values generated by the real-time algorithm. The modified F-factor method was used to evaluate the gross heat rate. The resulting heat rate values were identical to those obtained by a real-time performance monitoring algorithm for the same input data. The modified F-factor method was likewise used to calculate the mass flow rate of CO2 as a function of gross plant generation. Those resulting values were compared to similar data reported to EPA. The real-time CO2 mass flow rate data obtained using the modified F-factor method agreed more closely with the EPA F-factor values as the plant load increased.

, Diwa James Enyia, Archibong Archibong Eso et al.

International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering • 2024

The conventional method of electricity generation, primarily relying on fossil fuels, have significant environmental and sustainability challenges. The widespread consumption of fossil fuels has led to the release of excess greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other toxic elements into the environment. Bioelectricity production using microbial fuel cell (MCFs) is an innovative and sustainable approach that harness the metabolic activities of microorganisms to generate electricity. This research encompasses the potential application of two species (plantain and cavendish banana) from the plant family plantaginaceae and musaceae, in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable clean and green energy. Renewable energy Technology such as MFCs, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to convert organic waste into electricity. The goal of this research is to explore the feasibility and efficiency of utilizing plantaginaceae and musaceae as a fuel source in MFCs. Three MFCs using Plantain sludge, Cavendish Banana sludge and SYSTEM 1 sludge as organic substrate for the anodic chambers were setup. The parameters considered were (A) substrate weight, (B) Time and (C) Temperature. Regression models were developed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to predict the influence of study process factors A, B, and C, on current and voltage which are the Response (output). The actual values for current and voltage for the three MFC’s were 68.4 µA and 81.9mV, 80.223 µA and 90.6mV, and, 73.65 µA and 90.67mV for Plantain, Banana and SYSTEM 1 Sludges respectively. The results show the values of the optimization for the currents and voltage of the three MFC’s to be 67.7605 µA and 92.6117mV, 107.893 µA and 109.447mV, and, 73.4518 µA and 199.454mV using plantain sludge, banana sludge and SYSTEM 1 sludge.

Özlem Demir, Elif Gümüş

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy • 2023

Abstract In this study, based on the advantage of having high organic content of sludge both sludge treatment and electricity generation in the microbial fuel cell were investigated. The hydrolysis step of anaerobic digestion which is known as rate‐limiting step was tried to accelerate with the pre‐treatment methods such as Fenton and thermal/alkaline for sludge stabilization in the microbial fuel cell. The chemical oxygen demand and organic matter removal were 53% and 64% in the anaerobic chamber of the microbial fuel cell fed with raw sludge, respectively. In the microbial fuel cell fed with pre‐treated sludge using Fenton Process, these removal efficiencies were found to be 59% and 60%, respectively, while in thermal/alkaline microbial fuel cells were 83.3% and 85%, respectively. The current densities in microbial fuel cells fed with raw sludge, Fenton process sludge and thermal/alkaline sludge were 0.002, 0.221 and 38 mA/cm 2 , respectively. As a result, it can be concluded that, the microbial fuel cell fed with pre‐treated sludge can be used for both the sludge treatment and the electricity generation by improving the decomposition of organic matter and accelerating the rate‐limiting step in the anaerobic chamber.

Geoff Recktenwald, Mark Deinert

Energies • 2013

Zirconium dioxide has received particular attention as a fuel matrix because of its ability to form a solid solution with transuranic elements, natural radiation stability and desirable mechanical properties. However, zirconium dioxide has a lower coefficient of thermal conductivity than uranium dioxide and this presents an obstacle to the deployment of these fuels in commercial reactors. Here we show that axial doping of a zirconium dioxide based fuel with erbium reduces power peaking and fuel temperature. Full core simulations of a modified AP1000 core were done using MCNPX 2.7.0. The inert matrix fuel contained 15 w/o transuranics at its beginning of life and constituted 28% of the assemblies in the core. Axial doping reduced power peaking at startup by more than ~23% in the axial direction and reduced the peak to average power within the core from 1.80 to 1.44. The core was able to remain critical between refueling while running at a simulated 2000 MWth on an 18 month refueling cycle. The results show that the reactor would maintain negative core average reactivity and void coefficients during operation. This type of fuel cycle would reduce the overall production of transuranics in a pressurized water reactor by 86%.

Tun Ahmad Gazali, M. Azizul Moqsud

International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology • 2019

Considering the recent world situation of the electricity for mankind and also energy requirements have been increasing exponentially worldwide. People is facing on their energy challenge and most countries in the world are on their way searching for new renewable energy resources technologies which consider for environment protection. An estimated 1.3 billon people - 17.3% of the global population - did not have access to electricity services for their daily lives, especially at night. Various studies on alternative renewable energy generation are becoming more and more priority, because humanity's increasing concern for electricity needs and climate change is happening. One potential way to continue to be explored as a solution to solve this problem is the over-reliance on electricity based on fossil fuels. Then the microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an opportunity challenge that is very interesting for further development. There are still many open opportunities to find out the effect of increasing volume and environmental factors on MFC operations. The results showed that the maximum value for mixed samples was 12720 ± 114.31 mV / m2, 9830 ± 81.79 mV / m2 and 1650 ± 65.32 mV / m2 for mixed samples of persimmon and soil waste, leaf molds and rice bran respectively -one; the electromotive force of the sample mixture of persimmon and soil waste is around 22 ± 0.01 V / m2. In addition, the power density correlates with an increase in the MFC scale which reaches 2109.9 mW / m2, 2319.88 mW / m2, 4384.06 mW / m2 and 10317.19 mW / m2 for 100 cm2, 150 cm2, 300 respectively. cm2 and 500 cm2 respectively. And the voltage generator works well even on a number of environmental factors (especially pH and humidity). In summary, this study shows and agrees that voltage generation can be maintained to increase during reactor increases and MFC by using organic waste (especially using persimmon fruit waste) can be operated under any environmental conditions.

Y. Shrestha, A. Subedi, M. Sapkota et al.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering • 2023

Abstract In the present day in the global context, approximately 2 billion internal combustion engines (ICEs) are estimated to be in use. Nearly 7.3 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) were released into the atmosphere as per the survey on the transportation sector in 2020, making up 41% of all emissions. To solve pollution challenges related to ICEs, recent advancements of alternatives to ICEs have pushed the globe to establish clean energy sources such as hydrogen fuel cells. The conversion of an ICE vehicle to a fuel cell vehicle is able to add further support to its development besides the 30% emission reduction since the old ICE vehicle would not be discarded. FCEVs are seen as a true replacement between BEVs and ICEs since more energy can be stored in less space as compared to BEVs. The objective of this paper is to analyse the energy consumption of a fuel cell-driven motor in the internal combustion engine vehicle chassis of Maruti 800, through mathematical modelling, then compare the specifications with that of an ICE-driven system. The analysis provides details on the optimization of drive system components to maximise the fuel cell energy consumption efficiency based on fuel cell power source requirements for a range of velocities and road gradients. The modifiable specifications of drive system components in the mathematical model ensure reproducibility for any drive cycles and system scenarios.

Dega Rajaji Vanka, K. Chandra Sekhar

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science • 2019

<p><strong> </strong></p>Generally the switch mode power supply input voltage source is constant or shows insignificant little varieties.in any case, when fuel call used input source the last assumption is not valid. A fuel cell stack is give a details of low and not controlled DC output voltage, moreover, when the demanded current increases the output voltage becomes low in a nonlinear form; from now on, suitable controller is required to taken the previously mentioned issues. In this article, a normal current-mode controller is planned to using a joined model for an energy unit stack and a boost converter; besides, the resolving control method increasing the system stability and output voltage regulation.. The proposed energy system utilizes an energy component power (polymer electrolyte film fuel cell) and a boost converter passing on power of 900 W. the proposed controller execution for output voltage regulation by means of closed loop gain estimations and step load changes. What's more, a correlation amongst open-and closed- loop estimations is made, where the controller robustness is tried for vast load varieties and fuel cell stack output voltage changes are shows on simulation results.

Ali Aranizadeh, Mirpouya Mirmozaffari, Behnam Khalatabadi Farahani

Wind • 2025

Wind power output fluctuations, driven by variable wind speeds, create significant challenges for grid stability and the efficient use of wind turbines, particularly in high-wind-penetration areas. This study proposes a combined approach utilizing an ultra-capacitor energy storage system and fuzzy-control-based pitch angle adjustment to address these challenges. The fuzzy control system dynamically responds to wind speed variations, optimizing energy capture while minimizing mechanical stress on turbine components, and the ultra-capacitor provides instantaneous buffering of power surpluses and deficits. Simulations conducted on a 50 kW DFIG wind turbine powering a 23 kW load demonstrated a substantial reduction in power fluctuations by a factor of 3.747, decreasing the power fluctuation reduction scale from 13.04% to 3.48%. These results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed system in improving the stability, reliability, and quality of wind energy, thereby advancing the broader adoption of renewable energy and contributing to sustainable energy solutions.