Danang Jaya, Tunjung Wahyu Widayati, Singgih Adi Nugroho et al.

Eksergi • 2022

Electricity consumption expands every year. However, in Indonesia, electricity is still highly dependent on conventional energy sources such as coal. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is one of the alternative inventions that consists of a series of tools which converts chemical energy into electrical energy in the presence of microbial metabolism. In addition to produce electrical energy, it may also help to solve environmental issues by dealing with waste. This research was purposed to investigate the potency of Chinese food restaurant waste as substrate to generate electricity in microbial fuel cell. The research was done in three stages: wastewater preparation, assembly of MFC tools in various circuits, and running MFC processes. Results showed that the best electrical average (1.02 V) was found in the treatment system without active sludge. The best circuit was in the system in 4 series, which obtained a maximum voltage of 3.76 V and the largest power density of 62.66 mW/m2. In addition, with the addition of active sludge, biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater could be lowered up to 29.27%, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) up to 51.58%. Total suspended solid (TSS) could be decreased up to 49% on the sample withoud sludge addition.

Nurettin Çek, Aysun Tuna, Ali Çelik et al.

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery • 2025

Abstract Plant microbialfuel cells (P-MFCs) offer a sustainable approach to bioelectricity generation by harnessing solar energy through photosynthetic processes. However, significant challenges remain regarding their efficiency, scalability, and integration into practical applications. This study addresses these gaps by evaluating the electrochemical performance of an Aloe vera -based P-MFC compared to a control microbial fuel cell (MFC) consisting solely of potting soil and graphite electrodes. Electrochemical analyses, including open-circuit voltage (OCV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were conducted to assess system performance. The Aloe vera- based P-MFC demonstrated a stable OCV approximately 27 mV higher, a current density 3.7 times greater, and an impedance nearly 4.7 times lower than the control MFC. Additionally, the peak power density of the Aloe vera -based P-MFC reached 1100 mW/m 2 , significantly outperforming the control MFC, which yielded 250 mW/m 2 . The superior performance of the Aloe vera -based P-MFC is attributed to the plant’s photosynthetic activity, which enhances microbial interactions and electron transfer efficiency. Notably, the successful series connection of Aloe vera -based P-MFCs facilitated the charging of a lead-acid battery, which was subsequently used to power an LED, demonstrating the system’s practical applicability. This study contributes to the advancement of P-MFC technology by highlighting Aloe vera ’s potential as an efficient bioelectricity generator. By addressing current limitations and proposing future enhancements such as microbial optimization and electrode modifications, this research underscores the role of P-MFCs in sustainable energy solutions and their potential integration into architectural and interior landscape designs.

Kristopher Ray Simbulan Pamintuan, Harold Octavo Manga, Aprilyn Balmes

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development • 2024

Microbial fuel cell technology addresses both issues in finding new ways to clean water systems while harnessing electricity. Several studies suggest that a single large-scale MFC is proven to be inefficient and expensive. Therefore, producing small-scale MFCs is focused on investigation to provide an efficient system and cost-effective approach. This study used 3D-printed MFCs using a spongy electrode design to produce a modern approach to modifying electrode capacity in energy generation. Furthermore, the study identifies the electrical conductivity of the spongy electrode by determining the voltage generated and power density by stacked MFCs in series, parallel, and hybrid configurations. The MFCs generate a maximum voltage of 633 mV and a current of 14.22 . One way to reduce the effects of voltage reversal in the MFC system is the application of hybrid connection circuits. Parallel-series hybrid connection possesses stable voltage generation of 250−300 𝑚𝑉 with the highest current generation of 115.20 𝜇𝐴. At the same time, the Series-Parallel Connection generates the highest voltage and current of 259 mV and 30 , respectively. The spongy electrode design and hybrid connection produced a maximum power and current density of 29.30 μW⁄m2 and 279.41 μA⁄m2 obtained from a different connection of pure parallel and 28P-2S hybrid connection. Furthermore, water quality parameters were examined (pH, TDS, ORP, and COD), that the MFCs design is efficient in wastewater treatment, with a %COD removal of 95.24% efficiency, reduced ORP from +48.00 mV to -7.00 mV, and the TDS concentration from 270 ppm to 239 ppm.

Bahija Thamanna, Anjana Krishnan, Namitha Mohan et al.

Journal of Communication Engineering and its Innovations • 2023

The planet is getting hotter due to human activities that release greenhouse gases. Promoting renewable energy, which doesn’t emit carbon, can help mitigate global warming. Farmland, which covers a large portion of the Earth’s land area, can also be used as an energy source through the help of indigenous microorganisms in the soil that transform chemical energy into electrical energy with electrolysis. Real-time monitoring of soil nutrients is necessary to obtain an accurate yield from crops. This is achieved with the use of sensors that are powered by the energy generated from the soil. Zinc and copper electrodes are used to generate power, and a combination of 15x6 cells is used to maximize voltage and current generation. The output powers soil sensors like FC-28 and NPK sensors, and the data is sent to the AWS cloud for real-time monitoring of soil parameters. The experimental results show that a single SMFC cell generates 0.6V, while a series-parallel combination generates approximately 9V. By using a current booster circuit, the efficiency of the setup can be further improved. This technology is not yet widely used in the agricultural industry, but it has the potential to help farmers conveniently monitor soil conditions by utilizing the power generated from the soil itself.

Satoru Goto, Sadao Nakayama, Yoshiharu Ono et al.

Volume 2: Large-Bore Engines, Fuel Effects, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, Engine Performance and Simulation • 2001

Abstract Lean-burn gas engines are operating worldwide because of having an advantage of lower NOx emission and higher thermal efficiency than those of stoichiometric gas engines. The modern lean-burn gas engines, especially medium and large size, have the pre-combustion chamber technology. On the contrary, there are some problems that originate in the spark plug. Particularly near the ignition plug located in the center, the fuel gas density is lean, affected by the lean-gas mixture coming from the main combustion chamber during the compression stroke and the fuel gas density near the wall is rich. The lifetime of ignition plug is likely to be shorter than those used in the conventional theoretical mixture gas combustion engine, because the required voltage for the plug is high, which reaches 20–25 kV or more. The authors and their colleagues have studied a combustion method of using micro-pilot fuel oil instead of spark plug as an ignition source in recent four years to provide a solution for the above mentioned technical problems. The energy of micro-pilot fuel oil is equivalent to 1% of the total thermal input, but the energy of the pilot fuel oil is several thousands times of the spark ignition. According to the author’s study, NOx emission level is defined by the amount of pilot fuel oil. But only about 1% fuel can meet the NOx target. NOx emission level meets TA-Luft of 500 mg/m3N @ 5% O2. Even the regulation of 200 ppm @ 0% O2 in the Japanese large cities can be achieved, this level is almost corresponding to the half TA-Luft. This paper describes the performance being desired for gas engines through the service-experience in co-generation fields and also describes the newly developed gas engine corresponding to a 1000 kW class, which has micro-pilot fuel oil ignition method. This engine has the same performance of a diesel engine, BMEP of 2.3 MPa and brake thermal efficiency of 43%.

ASHIMA SRIVASTAVA, SANDEEP GUPTA, PRATIBHA SINGH et al.

Pollution Research • 2022

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a green and promising alternative for saving the depleting nonrenewableresources. In the present research, MFC technology is utilized to bring aboutdetoxification of textile wastewater with simultaneous production of electricity. Textile wastewaterhas a high pH value, high concentrations of dyes, organic pollutants, suspended solids, chlorides,nitrates, heavy metals (high BOD and COD values). The high organic load in the wastewatermakes it function as the useful substrate for microorganisms in MFC. Experimental results showedthat MFC using textile wastewater gave excellent electrical output of 546 mV after 60 h of operationIt has been found under the operating conditions of the experiments, there was 90–95% reductionin colour, TDS, BOD and COD of the textile wastewater.

Adam Hess-Dunlop, Harshitha Kakani, Stephen Taylor et al.

Frontiers in Computer Science • 2025

Soil microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are an emerging technology which offer clean and renewable energy in environments where more traditional power sources, such as chemical batteries or solar, are not suitable. With further development, SMFCs show great promise for use in robust and affordable outdoor sensor networks, particularly for farmers. One of the greatest challenges in the development of this technology is understanding and predicting the fluctuations of SMFC energy generation, as the electro-generative process is not yet fully understood. Very little work currently exists attempting to model and predict the relationship between soil conditions and SMFC energy generation, and we are the first to use machine learning to do so. In this paper, we train Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) models to predict the future energy generation of SMFCs across timescales ranging from 3 min to 1 h, with results ranging from 2.33 to 5.71% Mean Average Percent Error (MAPE) for median voltage prediction. For each timescale, we use quantile regression to obtain point estimates and to establish bounds on the uncertainty of these estimates. When comparing the median predicted vs. actual values for the total energy generated during the testing period, the magnitude of prediction errors ranged from 2.29 to 16.05%. To demonstrate the real-world utility of this research, we also simulate how the models could be used in an automated environment where SMFC-powered devices shut down and activate intermittently to preserve charge, with promising initial results. Our deep learning-based prediction and simulation framework would allow a fully automated SMFC-powered device to achieve a median 100+% increase in successful operations, compared to a naive model that schedules operations based on the average voltage generated in the past.

Kartik S. Aiyer, B.S. Vijayakumar

International Journal of Energy Research • 2020

Summary A selection method to develop an electrogenic consortium for improved power generation in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is described. Raw domestic sewage was inoculated in a nutrient medium with Fe(III) hydroxide as the electron acceptor and subculturing was done. Subcultures were tested for Fe(III) reduction using ferrozine assay, microbial electron transfer activity using the Dye Reduction‐based Electron‐transfer Activity Monitoring (DREAM) assay and power generation in a MFC. Subcultures grown with Fe(III) demonstrated improvements in electron transfer activity and power generating ability, while cultures grown without Fe(III) did not exhibit these properties. The enriched Fe(III) subculture generated a maximum power density of 129.25 ± 7 mW/m 2 , while the subculture grown without Fe(III) generated only 81.54 ± 8 mW/m 2 . A high correlation was observed between DREAM assay and power generation (r = +0.963). Cyclic voltammetry corroborated the high electrochemical activity of the Fe‐enriched subculture. This method offers a simple and efficient way to enrich an electrogenic consortium for improved performance from routinely used inocula.

Ralitza Koleva, Gergana Peeva, Hyuseyin Yemendzhiev et al.

Processes • 2022

Two options, in regard to applying microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in water treatment, are under discussion, namely the conversion of the chemical energy of organic substrates to electricity, as well as the use their potential to reduce different species, such as the ionic form of copper (Cu2+ converted to metal copper) and iron (Fe3+ converted to Fe2+). The high reduction potential of Cu2+ and Fe3+ makes the processes of electricity production and metal reduction, to be performed simultaneously in MFC, achievable. The electrical yield measurement during the experiments of anodic organic matter degradation by MFC in treating an artificial wastewater with chemical oxygen demand (COD) 0.6 and 1.6 g O2·dm−3, as initial COD, are given. It is demonstrated that the higher organic load is associated with better electrical yield. A comparison of MFC and conventional anaerobic digestion performance is discussed, as well. Experimental proofs of copper removal and phosphate mobilization, following the iron reduction of FePO4, are also reported.

Yong-Dong Chang, Ying-Chun Chuang, Yi-Shun Huang

Energies • 2023

There has been extensive discourse surrounding energy storage equipment and technologies for sustainable energy solutions. To address the need for prolonging the operational lifespan of energy storage equipment, this research introduces a high-efficiency charging method that integrates wireless power-transfer (WPT) technology. In the proposed LLC-S charger, the diodes of the receiver side rectify the incoming power while generating interleaved sinusoidal wave current pulses for charging two lead-acid battery energy storage systems (BESSs). This approach offers the advantage of providing rest intervals for BESSs and mitigating the impact of electrochemical reactions, thus promoting their overall durability. To validate the proposed charger, two 60 V/14 Ah BESSs as storage equipment within the solar power system are utilized for the charging tests. The results revealed that the utilization of sine-wave current pulses for charging enabled soft switching at both the transmitter and receiver sides, resulting in an overall average efficiency exceeding 80%. Experimental data derived from a prototype with a maximum output power of 1391 W during charging demonstrated that BESSs could be fully charged in a mere 1.61 h, achieving an impressive efficiency of 98%. These findings substantiate the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing sine-wave current pulses for charging.

Mark Williams, Randall Gemmen, G. Richards

ECS Transactions • 2011

The concepts of area specific resistance (ASR) and degradation are developed for different fuel cell operating modes. The concepts of exergetic efficiency and entropy production were applied to ASR and degradation. It is shown that exergetic efficiency is a time-dependent function useful describing the thermal efficiency of a fuel cell and the change in thermal efficiency of a degrading fuel cell. Entropy production was evaluated for the cases of constant voltage operation and constant current operation of the fuel cell for a fuel cell undergoing ohmic degradation. It was discovered that the Gaussian hypergeometric function describes the cumulative entropy and electrical work produced by fuel cells operating at constant voltage. The Gaussian hypergeometric function is found in many applications in modern physics. This paper builds from and is an extension of several papers recently published by the authors in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (ECS), ECS Transactions, Journal of Power Sources, and the Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology.

M. I. N. Ma’arof, Girma T. Chala, M.B. Chaudhry et al.

Platform : A Journal of Engineering • 2020

The present study presents a comparison of the electricity generation from industrial wastewater via Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). Four experimental setups with four types of MFC were developed for this study. For MFC 1, 75% of wastewater from Factory A added to a fixed concentration of cow manure to obtain a solution of 600ml in the anodic chamber while adding distilled water into the cathodic chamber. Contrastingly, for MFC 2, 75% of wastewater from Factory A was added to a fixed concentration of cow manure to obtain a solution of 600ml in the anodic chamber, whereas distilled water mixed with 15g of potassium ferricyanide was added to the cathodic chamber. For MFC 3, a similar setup was made as in MFC 1 though it utilizes wastewater from Factory B. MFC 4 in return replicated the setup of MFC 2, yet the wastewater was collected from Factory B. Two (2) tests were conducted where Test 1 was to compare the voltage readings from MFC 1 and MFC 3, while Test 2 was for MFC 2 and MFC 4. It was observed that the voltage produced by the wastewater from Factory A was higher than that of voltage produced from Factory B by 41% in test 1 and 82.4% in test 2. Interestingly, the addition of potassium ferricyanide further increased the voltage by 63.17% when comparing between MFCs 4 and 3, while 111% for MFCs 2 and 1, respectively. Hence, it can be deduced that the addition of an external electron acceptor such as the potassium ferricyanide greatly increases the voltage produced. For future studies, other types of external electron acceptors could be tested in identifying its potential in improving the capability of the MFC.Keywords: microbial fuel cell, natural mixes, isoelectronic microbes, ecological concern

Sachin Ahirwar, Naveen Kumar

SAE Technical Paper Series • 2025

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">With the transition toward low-carbon fuel-based transportation systems, hydrogen is becoming increasingly promising as a sustainable internal combustion engine (ICE) fuel. There are two pathways for introducing hydrogen: Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and Direct Injection (DI) in an engine, which greatly affect performance, efficiency, and emissions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the Port Fuel Injection (PFI), hydrogen is introduced into the intake manifold and mixed with air before reaching the combustion chamber. This approach is preferred due to its affordability, ease of use, and compatibility with current engine configurations. Because of PFI's more uniform air-fuel mixture, combustion is smoother, and NOx emissions are reduced. On the other hand, it raises the possibility of pre-ignition, particularly when engine loads are high, and a decrease in volumetric efficiency due to a reduction in the volume of intake air as hydrogen replaces it.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Direct injection gives exact control over the timing and volume of fuel injected by delivering hydrogen straight into the combustion chamber. This method increases power output, thermal management, and combustion efficiency. Injecting hydrogen closer to the top dead center (TDC) decreases premature ignition. DI also lowers the danger of pre-ignition and knock. Despite these benefits, DI systems are more expensive and complicated, requiring precise control mechanisms and cutting-edge injector technology. The study examines through comparative assessment of the two introduction mechanisms for a country like India and suggests that although DI is better suited for high-performance engines, providing greater efficiency and power, with extra complexity, PFI is favorable for cost-sensitive applications where simplicity and emission reduction are prioritized.</div></div>

Jin Ni, Robert Steinberger‐Wilckens, Qunhui Wang

ChemistrySelect • 2021

Abstract Compared to traditional domestic wastewater treatment methods, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with Manganese(IV) (Mn(IV)) oxide addition were established to promote the degradation efficiency of organics in domestic wastewater and generate electricity simultaneously. Activated sludge consists of various electricigen and Mn(IV) oxide acts as an excellent electron acceptor. Results showed that the MFC with Mn(IV) oxide addition obtained higher total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies in domestic wastewater than without Mn(IV) oxide addition and in an open circuit system, and produced a maximum output power density of 0.946 W m −3 with a corresponding maximum voltage density of 0.915 V L −1 . Cyclic Voltammograms (CVs) indicated that the current density of the MFC with Mn(IV) oxide addition reached 2.21 mA cm −2 at the peak separation of 0.26 V, whereas the current density of the MFC only was up to 1.15 mA cm −2 at 0.443 V. Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) showed the half‐wave potential and limiting current density of the MFC with Mn(IV) oxide addition as 71 mV and 4.24 mA cm 2 respectively, which were higher than corresponding values (36 mV and 3.65 mA cm −2 ) of the MFC. Tafel curves illustrated the MFC with Mn(IV) oxide addition showed a lower anodic Tafel slope of 6.14±0.393 V −1 , confirming the MFC with Mn(IV) oxide addition enabled faster electron‐transfer kinetics as compared to the MFC.

Andrea Lanzini, Thomas G. Kreutz, Emanuele Martelli et al.

Volume 3: Cycle Innovations; Education; Electric Power; Fans and Blowers; Industrial and Cogeneration • 2012

This work analyzes the efficiency and economic performance of different configurations of a coal-fed Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) plant with CO2 capture. Our analysis evaluates novel configurations, providing a detailed economic assessment for each case. The plants studied here are based on a pressurized Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) based power cycle integrated with a Shell coal gasifier. The design variations focus on syngas cleaning and pre-processing upstream of the SOFC power island. In particular, we have designed, simulated and optimized three main system configurations; two with a partial methanation process upstream of the SOFC (‘TREMP’ and ‘HICOM’ cases, respectively) and one without (‘DIRECT’ case). Depending on the specific plant layout, carbon capture is accomplished either before or after the SOFC power island, or both. The best performance, both thermodynamic and economic, was achieved by the HICOM case, whose coal-to-electricity conversion efficiency is 50.6% (lower heating value basis). In addition to outperforming the other IGFC configurations analysed, compared to a conventional IGCC-CCS plant, the ‘HICOM’ case produced over 20% reduction in the levelized-cost-of-electricity (LCOE) delivered by the power plant.

Preetham Goli, Srikanth Yelem, Mohammed Alhashem et al.

Frontiers in Energy Research • 2025

Hybrid power supplies leveraging renewable energy sources have emerged as pivotal solutions ensuring uninterrupted power for critical applications like telecom towers in remote regions. However, limited research has evaluated the real-world performance, fuel efficiency and economic viability of commercially deployed systems particularly those using liquid propane (LP) as the primary fuel source. This paper evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of a hybrid power supply integrating a LP generator, Battery Energy Storage (BES) and Photovoltaic Panel (PV). Three configurations—LP only, LP-BES and LP-BES-PV are assessed using a spreadsheet based simulation across multiple loading conditions and geographic regions, including Canada, Nigeria and Kansas City. Results show that integrating BES and PV can reduce annual fuel consumption by over 55%, significantly lowering operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions. A 20-year total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis demonstrates that hybrid configurations can achieve up to 32% cost savings compared to LP only systems. Environmental impact is quantified using EPA emission factors, revealing that the hybrid system can avoid more than 65.8 metric tons of CO 2 annually. Sensitivity analysis further examines the impact of fuel prices, solar energy output and battery costs on system performance. The findings underscore the operational and environmental benefits of hybridizing LP based systems with renewable technologies. While LP based systems offer unique advantages for remote deployments, such as fuel stability and ease of storage, this study confirms that integrating PV and BES significantly enhances performance and long-term cost-effectiveness.

Shobhan Majumder, Istalingamurthy D., Sadashiva Murthy B. M. et al.

Water Science & Technology • 2023

Abstract Microbial desalination cell (MDC) can treat wastewater and saline water simultaneously and generate power. The aim of the present research work was to identify the critical factors influencing COD reduction and power generation from the MDC reactor and to optimize the control parameters. The experimental study was conducted by using medium to high-strength wastewater from distillery and brewery industry in batch-wise operation. The maximum voltage of 702 mV and current of 2.16 mA were observed for the carbon brush electrode. The mediated aeration process with the presence of potassium ferricyanide was reported in 87% COD reduction and 992 mV voltage generation. The presence of the microbial culture provided 82% COD reduction and 51% TDS reduction. The maximum current density (CD) of 0.04 mA/cm2 was observed for carbon brush, and a maximum power density (PD) of 15.56 mW/cm2 was found with aeration and potassium ferricyanide mediator. This study provided insight towards the impact of the electrode materials and the effects of mediator, aeration, and microbial culture on MDC performance.

Denys Zaikin, Martin Kolding Andersen, Mark Rugholt et al.

• 2023

<p>This paper presents a multi-channel phase-shift LLC resonant converter that was specially optimized for fuel-cell applications and has a wide input and output voltage range. The worst-case minimum stack voltage and the battery voltage range were used to find the optimal parameters of the LLC converter. The voltage gain of the converter operating at a constant power was considered, and the algorithm for such a calculation was proposed. Current balancing was implemented using channel temperature measurements instead of expensive current measurements. A natural self-balancing mechanism was investigated for converters operating at high frequencies above the series resonance of a resonant converter. Recommendations for the converter’s transformer turn ratio were illustrated for efficiency optimization. The multi-object optimization is implemented to reach the optimized design so the minimum and maximum voltage gains can be reached and, at the same time, the transformer turn ratio is kept at the minimum to reach high efficiency. An experimental prototype of a four-channel converter was presented and tested at a 5 kW power level. Active content and C-language code files for converter calculations are provided as well with this work.</p>

Robert G. Ryan, Tom Brown

Volume 15: Sustainable Products and Processes • 2006

A 1 MW Direct Fuel Cell® (DFC) power plant began operation at California State University, Northridge (CSUN) in January, 2007. This plant is currently the largest fuel cell plant in the world operating on a university campus. The plant consists of four 250 kW DFC300MA™ fuel cell units purchased from FuelCell Energy, Inc., and a waste heat recovery system which produces dual heating hot water loops for campus building ventilation heating, and domestic water and swimming pool heating water for the University Student Union (USU). The waste heat recovery system was designed by CSUN’s Physical Plant Management and engineering student staff personnel to accommodate the operating conditions required by the four individual fuel cell units as well as the thermal energy needs of the campus. A Barometric Thermal Trap (BaTT) was designed to mix the four fuel cell exhaust streams prior to flowing through a two stage heat exchanger unit. The BaTT is required to maintain an appropriate exhaust back pressure at the individual fuel cell units under a variety of operating conditions and without reliance on mechanical systems for control. The two stage heat exchanger uses separate coils for recovering sensible and latent heat in the exhaust stream. The sensible heat is used for heating water for the campus’ hot water system. The latent heat represents a significant amount of energy because of the high steam content in the fuel cell exhaust, although it is available at a lower temperature. CSUN’s design is able to make effective use of the latent heat because of the need for swimming pool heating and hot water for showers in an adjacent recreational facility at the USU. Design calculations indicate that a Combined Heat and Power efficiency of 74% is possible. This paper discusses the integration of the fuel cell plant into the campus’ energy systems, and presents preliminary operational data for the performance of the heat recovery system.

Md. Nurul Islam Siddique, B.K. Zaied, Mohd. Zamri Bin Ibrahim

Ecology, Environment and Conservation • 2022

The present study established a new dual-phase biological system for electricity production from potato waste (PW). During the initial phase, commercially available glucoamylase was used to make hydrolysis of PW to generate PW hydrolysate. Results revealed that a hundred g PW could generate 30 g hydrolysis solid and 750 ml PW hydrolysate. During the second phase, the soluble PW hydrolysate was used to feed for electricity production from microbial fuel cell (MFC). The highest voltage of 1.1 V was achieved. The power density attained the highest amount of 93 mW/m3 at the external resistance was 1091 ?. Coulombic efficiency of 20% was obtained to evaluate MFC performance. This might be possibly used to convert high starch compounds into biofuel generation that might cut the cost of commercial biofuel generation.

Peng Teng, Yen‐Han Lin

The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering • 2023

Abstract This study demonstrates the potential application of a portable 3D‐printed sensor to monitor microbial growth during soil bioremediation. Bacillus subtilis , a commonly found soil microorganism, is used to evaluate its growth characteristics. The integration of real‐time oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) reading and voltage output allows for a better illustration of microbial growth, with a focus on the mid‐exponential growth phase. This new technology can potentially increase the efficiency of soil bioremediation techniques by providing a better understanding of the microbial interactions and growth patterns involved.

Walid Mohamed, Hakan Ozaltun, Hee Seok Roh

ASME 2019 Power Conference • 2019

Abstract The most recent design of U-Mo monolithic fuel as adopted by the U.S. for the conversion of its High Performance Research Reactors (USHPRR) from high enrichment uranium (HEU) to low enrichment uranium fuel (LEU, < 20% U235) consists of a high density (LEU) U-10Mo fuel sandwiched between Zirconium (Zr) diffusion barriers and encapsulated in aluminum (AA6061) cladding. In this work, finite element analysis (FEA) was used to evaluate effect of Zr diffusion barrier properties on the thermal and mechanical performance of a U-10Mo monolithic fuel plate by considering possible variation in thermal and mechanical properties of the Zr diffusion barrier. Possible variation in thermo-mechanical properties of the Zr diffusion barrier were determined and a simulation matrix was designed accordingly. Analyses of simulation results included determination of global peak stresses in the fuel, Zr diffusion barrier, and cladding sections as well as the plate thickness profile at a transverse section toward the top side of the plate. Results showed that variation in yield stress, elastic modulus and thermal conductivity of the Zr diffusion barrier has negligible effect on the thermal and mechanical performance of the monolithic fuel plate. The effect of variation in these properties was found to be limited to the barrier section itself, which may be attributed to the relatively smaller thickness of that section compared to the fuel and cladding sections of the fuel plate.

Mimmin Wang, Aimin An, Yingying Zhao

Journal of Physics: Conference Series • 2021

Abstract Aiming at the constraints and undetectable interference in the microbial fuel cell system, a microbial fuel cell model predictive control method based on state estimation is proposed. According to the principles and actual requirements of the microbial fuel cell system, a state space model with input constraints is established. By introducing the model predictive controller, the performance of constrained optimization control is improved. Combined with the Kalman filter estimator, the impact of unmeasured interference on the predictive controller is compensated, and the control accuracy and robustness of the system are improved. The simulation experiment finally indicate that model predictive control based on kalman state estimation makes the output voltage of system reach the desired value, the input flow meets the actual demand and the cost is optimal. In addition, it has a good ability to deal with interference.

Gilltae Roh, Hansung Kim, Hyeonmin Jeon et al.

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering • 2019

The need for technological development to reduce the impact of air pollution caused by ships has been strongly emphasized by many authorities, including the International Maritime Organization (IMO). This has encouraged research to develop an electric propulsion system using hydrogen fuel with the aim of reducing emissions from ships. This paper describes the test bed we constructed to compare our electric propulsion system with existing power sources. Our system uses hybrid power and a diesel engine generator with a combined capacity of 180 kW. To utilize scale-down methodology, the linear interpolation method is applied. The proposed hybrid power source consists of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), a battery, and a diesel generator, the capacities of which are 100 kW, 30 Kw, and 50 kW, respectively. The experiments we conducted on the test bed were based on the outcome of an analysis of the electrical power consumed in each operating mode considering different types of merchant ships employed in practice. The output, fuel consumption, and CO2 emission reduction rates of the hybrid and conventional power sources were compared based on the load scenarios created for each type of ship. The CO2 emissions of the hybrid system was compared with the case of the diesel generator alone operation for each load scenario, with an average of 70%~74%. This analysis confirmed the effectiveness of using a ship with a fuel-cell-based hybrid power source.

Robert Jones, Molly Creagar, Michael Musty et al.

• 2022

Biotechnology offers new ways to use biological processes as environmental sensors. For example, in soil microbial fuel cells (MFCs), soil electro-genic microorganisms are recruited to electrodes embedded in soil and produce electricity (measured by voltage) through the breakdown of substrate. Because the voltage produced by the electrogenic microbes is a function of their environment, we hypothesize that the voltage may change in a characteristic manner given environmental disturbances, such as the contamination by exogenous material, in a way that can be modelled and serve as a diagnostic. In this study, we aimed to statistically analyze voltage from soil MFCs injected with urea as a proxy for gross contamination. Specifically, we used 𝘬-means clustering to discern between voltage output before and after the injection of urea. Our results showed that the 𝘬-means algorithm recognized 4–6 distinctive voltage regions, defining unique periods of the MFC voltage that clearly identify pre- and postinjection and other phases of the MFC lifecycle. This demonstrates that 𝘬-means can identify voltage patterns temporally, which could be further improve the sensing capabilities of MFCs by identifying specific regions of dissimilarity in voltage, indicating changes in the environment.

Fangmei Jiang, Liping Fan, Weimin Zhang et al.

Processes • 2023

Water shortages and water pollution have seriously threatened the sustainable development of the community. The grid-connected microbial fuel cell is an effective way to control the cost of wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, it solves the problem of low efficiency and high energy consumption. In view of the characteristics of strong coupling, non-linearity, and internal load in the process of microbial fuel cell grid connection, it is necessary to design the grid-connected unit of power electronic device. Based on the establishment of the microbial fuel cell stack model, the stability control and the constant power control scheme were designed for the chopper and inverter, respectively. The simulation results showed that the control strategy with the combination of voltage stabilizer and constant power can make a grid-connected system of all phase voltage and frequency output. The three-phase voltage Uabc was steady at 7 h and the voltage amplitude was controlled at roughly 380 V, according to the output voltage waveform. The value was 50 Hz, which satisfies the criteria for grid connection.

Raymond Daniel Rodriguez Martinez

Clean Energy • 2024

Abstract Climate change is a global threat, the presence of which has encouraged the development and implementation of renewable energies, including plant–microbial fuel cells, which could generate 6 629 568–33 147 840 MWh per year due to their large-scale applicability. One of the main challenges associated with microbial cells is internal resistance—a parameter whose magnitude is influenced by several factors. In the case of plant–microbial fuel cells, adding a plant positively affects the mitigation of internal resistance. However, the species employed is expected to play an important role. In the present study, the objective was to determine as a general reference the internal resistance of cells using various plant species, among which were tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), aloe vera (Aloe vera), corn (Zea mays), and moss (Dicranidae). For this purpose, an experimental procedure was carried out to compare the manual voltage measurements with a free cell concerning the voltage obtained by adding an external resistor in series. The internal resistance values were determined as a function of the measured voltage, obtaining 177, 179, 175, 324, and 233 kΩ for aloe vera, corn, tomato, black beans, and moss, respectively. From this, it was shown that the roots of the plants represent an essential addition to the internal resistance of the cell in the short term. In contrast, plants with a C4 photosynthetic metabolism are more favourable, while C3 plants can also benefit from internal resistance during a more extended period of rhizodeposition.

, Ayuba Salihu

International Journal of Current Science Research and Review • 2022

Electrical power generation can be achieved through many means, one of which includes using a gas turbine. Gas turbine performance is highly dependent on ambient temperature; as temperature increases gas turbine power output is lessened. This can be a huge problem in warmer regions like Nigeria. Gas turbines use the surrounding air to generate electricity and this gives rise to a method or curbing the effect of high ambient temperatures. Once the volumetric rate is constant as is the case in a gas turbine system, air density and ambient temperature are inversely proportional; this allows mass flow rate to be inversely proportional to temperature. To fully take advantage of this, there are many methods that can be implemented to achieve this cooling effect. A few of these methods were investigated in this study to determine their strengths and susceptibilities. The performance characteristics were scrutinised for a range of operational values including ambient temperature, humidity and air density. The results showed that air cooling significantly improved the power output of the gas turbine. At standard temperature of 32oc, the base case was 37.87 MW while evaporative cooler, mechanical and absorption chillers were 37.70 MW, 40.39 MW and 41.07 MW respectively.

Bustami Ibrahim, Uju, I Dewa Made Subrata et al.

Coastal and Ocean Journal (COJ) • 2024

Electricity is a basic necessity in everyday life. Fossil energy is typically used to generate electricity, and non-renewable energy sources will eventually be depleted without innovation in the form of renewable energy. Liquid waste from fisheries is a commodity that can generate electricity through Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) systems. However, the electricity generated is relatively small. The research aimed to increase the electrical voltage from fish curing waste in a Microbial Fuel Cell system by using an additional boost converter circuit. The research was conducted using 5 MFC systems connected in series and connected to a boost converter device. The electrical values of the MFC system with the boost converter circuit were a voltage of 12.13±0.87 V, a current of 0.86±0.20 mA, and a power of 10.50±3.11 mW. Meanwhile, without the boost converter circuit, the voltage value was 2.24±0.26 volts, the current was 0.17±0.03 mA, and the power was 0.38±0.11 mW. The increase in electricity in the MFC system indicated that the boost converter circuit functioned properly. The MFC system was able to reduce BOD, COD, and TAN values.

Jeetendra Prasad, Ramesh Kumar Tripathi

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development • 2018

Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are expected to be utilized as a sustainable power source for remote environmental observing 30 day’s investigations of experiment to understand the long-term performance of SMFCs. The point of this investigation is to increase power generation, 8 individual sediment microbial fuel cells is stacked together either in series or in hybrid connection. Two combinations, of the hybrid connection, are proving to be the more effective one, step-up both the voltage and current of the framework, mutually. Polarization curve tests are done for series and hybrid connected sediment microbial fuel cell. The maximum study state voltage and current are obtained 8.150V and 435.25µA from series and 4.078V and 870.75µA hybrid connected SMFC. This study suggests that power of SMFC scale-up by connecting series and hybrid for practical use of the device.Article History: Received : September 26th 2017; Received: December 24th 2017; Accepted: January 4th 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Prasad, J and Tripathi, R.K. (2018) Scale Up Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell For Powering Led Lighting. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(1), 53-58.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.1.53-58

Aissa Benhammou, Mohammed Amine Hartani, Hamza Tedjini et al.

Sustainability • 2023

Among issues facing the transportation sector today is the limited autonomy of electric vehicles, which are highly reliant upon energy storage systems. Considering this issue as the current research gap, researchers seek to prolong vehicle dependability through renewable-free and sustainable energy that tackles negative environmental impacts. This research exploits the electric vehicle’s kinetic energy to improve its performance and reliability. It uses fuel-cell resources and supercapacitors hybridized with lithium-ion batteries, in addition to DC generators connected to front wheels that convert their rotations into energy contributing to the vehicle’s overall power balance. A state machine-based energy management strategy computes fuel-cell setpoint power, while a dual-loop structure uses a super-twisting controller for DC bus voltage regulation and recovery, in addition to tracking banks’ setpoint currents. A speed controller-based artificial intelligence is proposed to reduce power losses and enable accurate tracking of running trajectory to improve vehicle mechanisms. The simulation results using Matlab Simulink software proved the proposed vehicle’s feasibility by adopting the free kinetic energy of additional DC generators that provided 28% of its total power requirements, resulting in superior supply efficiency reaching 98%. Thus, the stress on FC and battery was minimized by 21% and 10%, respectively, in addition to reducing fuel consumption by 39%, so the vehicle autonomy was extended, and its reliability was enhanced and supported, as targeted.

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Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry • 2022

Winery wastewater is one of the most concerning wastewater because it contains a high concentration of ethanol and phenolic compound that can inhibit the wastewater treatment potential of microorganisms. In this study, the ethanol tolerant yeast with laccase activity was integrated with constructed wetland -microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) to remove ethanol contamination wastewater treatment limitation and simultaneously generate electrical energy. For the experiment, ethanol tolerant yeast with laccase activity was selected and grown in the CW-MFC filled with winery wastewater. The wastewater treatment (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phenol removal) potential and electrochemical properties were monitored. The results indicated that the maximal laccase activity of 158.12±0.52 U/mL was gained from the yeast strain ET-KK. The maximal current density and power density of 139.17±1.44 mA/m2 and 38.74±0.80 mW/m2 were generated where the maximal COD and phenol removal of 79.14±0.92% and 85.04±0.07% were obtained. This study used the CW-MFC integrated with laccase-producing ethanol tolerant yeast for winery wastewater treatment and electricity generation.

Chun Zhao, Weijie Yang, Qianyong Zhang et al.

Frontiers in Sustainable Development • 2025

In the process of microbial fuel cell (MFC) scale-up, the collection of clean energy is an important part of the application. However, due to the limitations of the structure and performance of the MFC itself, the power generation capacity of the device is weak and the output voltage is low, so it is difficult to achieve commercial application of microbial fuel cell technology. In order to obtain a higher voltage output capacity and further study the performance characteristics of amplified MFC, this paper uses the existing equipment in the laboratory to construct two stack schemes of double MFC and three MFC through the stacking design of single cells, and explores the effects of different modes on the power production performance and oil degradation performance of series MFC devices. The advantage of this design is that the MFC structure is simplified, making the device more compact, and saving investment space for industrial applications. The battery series technology is used to expand the power production performance of the device and improve the efficiency of energy recovery.

Yifeng Zhang, Lola Gonzalez Olias, Prawit Kongjan et al.

Water Science and Technology • 2011

A submersible microbial fuel cell (SMFC) was utilized to treat sewage sludge and simultaneously generate electricity. Stable power generation (145 ± 5 mW/m2, 470 Ω) was produced continuously from raw sewage sludge for 5.5 days. The maximum power density reached 190 ± 5 mW/m2. The corresponding total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency was 78.1 ± 0.2% with initial TCOD of 49.7 g/L. The power generation of SMFC was depended on the sludge concentration, while dilution of the raw sludge resulted in higher power density. The maximum power density was saturated at sludge concentration of 17 g-TCOD/L, where 290 mW/m2 was achieved. When effluents from an anaerobic digester that was fed with raw sludge were used as substrate in the SMFC, a maximum power density of 318 mW/m2, and a final TCOD removal of 71.9 ± 0.2% were achieved. These results have practical implications for development of an effective system to treat sewage sludge and simultaneously recover energy.

Mengmeng Liu, Minghua Zhou, Liang Ma et al.

RSC Advances • 2015

The HN-C exhibited a high power density (1034 mW m −2 ), which was much higher than the macroporous carbon anode MFC (811 mW m −2 ) and mesoporous carbon anode MFC (678 mW m −2 ) and was 2.2-folds that of carbon cloth anode MFC (467 mW m −2 ).

Mohammed SALEH, Mutlu YALVAÇ, Luey HALEF et al.

Turkish Journal of Engineering • 2020

The bulgur industry has importance in the food sector in Turkey. The wastewater generated from this industry can be considered bio waste. The microbial fuel cells (MFC) are a relatively new technique aiming to treat the wastewater and producing direct energy. This study aims to explore the degradation efficiency of the organic matters expressed as chemical oxygen demand (COD) founded in bulgur industry wastewater by microbial fuel cell techniques. Furthermore, it aims to study the potential formation of electricity from this type of wastewater. In this study, the MFC – double chamber system was performed. 1.5 L bulgur industry wastewater containing 3% of biomass was used. The COD and the voltage were measured. The COD generated from the bulgur industry wastewater was 28800 mg/L. After using the MFC system, the COD was decreased to reach 2560 mg/L with a removal efficiency of 91%. 1st order kinetic model had the best fit for COD removal with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.95. The maximum and average voltages were 0.448 Volt and 0.180 Volt, respectively. The average voltage for every 1 m2 was 45 volt. As a result of the exploratory study, the MFC can be used to treat the bulgur industry wastewater and generating energy. But it should be combined with other treatment methods tomeet the COD standard limits.

M.C.J Andrews, D. P. Sharma, H.P.S. Missan

RE&PQJ • 2024

Many renewable technologies are currently being investigated to reduce the world’s dependence on greenhouse-gas emitting energy sources. This paper seeks to demonstrate how industrial metrological techniques may be employed in the evaluation of uncertainty of one of these techniques – the Microbial Fuel Cell. A description of how uncertainty analysis is evaluated in metrological laboratories for temperature measurement is presented, with the intention of applying the same technique to temperature measurements obtained when assessing microbial fuel cell performance. A JAVA-based temperature uncertainty budget calculator was also developed based on the assumptions used to perform the uncertainty analysis. This open-source application enables laboratories to compare uncertainties in their temperature measuring instruments. The Uncertainty Analysis is based on a method employed at an ISO/IEC 17025:2005 accredited Metrological Laboratory

Hongyuhang Ni, Aman Khan, Zi Yang et al.

Research Square • 2021

Abstract Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) remediate hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in wastewater, but inefficient removal for wide scale. In this study, a wood carbon (WC) electrode was introduce in MFC to analyzed the Cr(VI) remediation mechanism and effect of WC on it. The results show that the Cr(VI) was completely removed with WC electrode as compare to the carbon cloth (31.12 ± 0.31%) and carbon felt (34.83% ± 0.12) within 48 hours. The maximum power density of the WC electrode was 62.59 ± 0.27 mW m − 2 . Here in, WC might a good choice with a three-dimensional porous structure for Cr(VI) contaminated wastewater treatment and electricity generation in MFC.

Kai Liu, Zhi Wei Zhao, He Long Jiang

Applied Mechanics and Materials • 2011

A wireless data acquisition system based on MSP430F149 is developed for the measurement of microbial fuel cells’ voltage. The main function of this system is to convert the analog input voltage into digital output code, process the digital code, and transfer the data through the GSM network or the USB interface. The core of the data acquisition device is a 16-bit general purpose Texas Instruments ultralow-power microcontroller MSP430F149. As the voltage of a microbial fuel cell is very low, the A/D converter circuit is specifically designed for high precision and high accuracy. A real-time clock is used to achieve timing measurement and the time interval can be set to meet demands. The data collected is transferred through the GSM network. Besides, a Windows environment application developed with Visual C++ can be used to access the data stored in the flash memory through USB interface.

Hijrah Amaliah Azis, Ardiansa Ardiansa, Riki Kusuma Purnama

al-Kimiya • 2022

The increasing consumption of electrical energy and still dependent on non-renewable energy has encouraged the implementation of effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly technologies to produce electrical energy. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is one of the alternative technologies that utilize microorganisms in converting chemical energy from organic compounds under anaerobic conditions to be converted into electrical energy. The study was conducted to determine the potential of electrical energy generated from the treatment of eceng gondok waste (Eichhornia crassipes) with variations in the addition of buffer solutions and combinations of electrolyte solutions using the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae through Microbial Fuel Cell technology. This study consists of three stages and methods, namely sample preparation, MFC media preparation, and analysis of pH, current, voltage, and power density. Measurement of the value of the maximum voltage, maximum current and power density is carried out every 3 hours for 27 hours for each treatment. The results were obtained as follows consecutively: firstly, for variations without the addition of buffers and electrolyte solutions are 0.25 volts; 0.08 mA; 13.05 mW/m2, secondly, with buffer and electrolyte solution KMnO4 0.2 M are 1.12 volts; 0.77 mA; 562.92 mW/m2, and thirdly, with buffer and K3Fe(CN)6 0.2 M are 0.47 volts; 0.48 mA; 147.26 mW/m2. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the most optimal variation in producing electrical energy was in the variation in the addition of a phosphate buffer and 0.2 M KMnO4 solution. Eceng gondok waste has the potential to be used as a source of electrical energy.