Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Sonia Bahrani et al.

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications • 2022

In this study, we have developed a new platform of polyoxometalate as a biocompatible and electrosensitive polymeric biosensor for the accurate detection of doxorubicin. For this purpose, we used a green synthesis approach using tartaric acid, glutamic acid, and kombucha solvent. Thanks to its bioinorganic components, the biogenic approach can chemically modify and improve the performance of the biosensor, which was experimentally confirmed. Our results showed excellent sensitivity (175.72 μ A· μ M -1 ·cm -2 ), low detection limit (DL, 8.12 nM), and low quantification limit (QL, 0.056 μ M) when the newly developed biosensor was used. The results also show that the biosynthesized biosensor has improved performance in detecting DOX in the biological fluid with an accuracy of more than 99% depending on the components used, which underlines the high efficiency of the biosensor produced. Considering the body's physiological condition, the biosensor fabricated as a biocompatible component can show high efficiency. Therefore, its applicability for clinical use still needs to be studied in detail.

Nur Syafinaz Ridhuan, Khairunisak Abdul Razak, Zainovia Lockman

Scientific Reports • 2018

Highly oriented ZnO nanorod (NR) arrays were fabricated on a seeded substrate through a hydrothermal route. The prepared ZnO nanorods were used as an amperometric enzyme electrode, in which glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilised through physical adsorption. The modified electrode was designated as Nafion/GOx/ZnO NRs/ITO. The morphology and structural properties of the fabricated ZnO nanorods were analysed using field-emission scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The electrochemical properties of the fabricated biosensor were studied by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. Electrolyte pH, electrolyte temperature and enzyme concentration used for immobilisation were the examined parameters influencing enzyme activity and biosensor performance. The immobilised enzyme electrode showed good GOx retention activity. The amount of electroactive GOx was 7.82 × 10 -8 mol/cm 2 , which was relatively higher than previously reported values. The Nafion/GOx/ZnO NRs/ITO electrode also displayed a linear response to glucose ranging from 0.05 mM to 1 mM, with a sensitivity of 48.75 µA/mM and a low Michaelis-Menten constant of 0.34 mM. Thus, the modified electrode can be used as a highly sensitive third-generation glucose biosensor with high resistance against interfering species, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid and L-cysteine. The applicability of the modified electrode was tested using human blood samples. Results were comparable with those obtained using a standard glucometer, indicating the excellent performance of the modified electrode.

Robin Bonné, Ian P. G. Marshall, Jesper J. Bjerg et al.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology • 2024

Extracellular electron transfer is a metabolic function associated with electroactive bacteria wherein electrons are exchanged with external electron acceptors or donors. This feature has enabled the development of several applications, such as biosensing, carbon capture, and energy recovery. Cable bacteria are a unique class of long, filamentous microbes that perform long-distance electron transport in freshwater and marine sediments. In this study, we demonstrate the attraction of cable bacteria toward carbon electrodes and demonstrate their potential electroactivity. This finding enables electronic control and monitoring of the metabolism of cable bacteria and may, in turn, aid in the development of bioelectronic applications.

Edita Voitechovič, Aušra Vektarienė, Gytis Vektaris et al.

Electroanalysis • 2019

Abstract D‐fructose amount in food and beverages should be carefully controlled in order to avoid its overconsumption by human, which can lead to various metabolic diseases. Thus, the development of a low‐cost and portable (bio)sensors, which realize the on‐site monitoring of D‐fructose, is still highly required. In this work, we proposed several reagentless bioelectrochemical systems (BioESs) based on fructose dehydrogenase EC1.1.99.11 from Gluconobacter japonicus (FDH) and on 2‐arylamine‐1,4‐benzoquinone (ABQ) derivatives as a platform for the development of D‐fructose electrochemical biosensor. To design a reliable and easily reproducible BioES, we used the simple physical sorption as the electrode modification strategy for ABQs and FDH immobilization that is suitable for low‐cost mass production of the biosensors by standard microfabrication techniques. To choose the most suitable ABQ compounds for BioESs design, we proposed a novel theoretical approach of potential ET mediator evaluation through its electrochemical properties. A set of newly synthesized and of previously applied ABQs was characterized both electrochemically and using the density functional theory (DFT). It was shown that results obtained by quantum chemical analysis were in a good agreement with the ABQ characteristics obtained in electrochemical measurements. We suggest that the calculated local ionization energy values and theoretical redox potential obtained by DFT are a powerful tool for prediction of ABQs electrochemical properties. The performance of the BioESs with FDH under study was determined by electrochemical and electronic properties of ABQ derivatives and FDH orientation and stabilization on the electrode surface. The most promising BioES was based on carbon paste electrodes and 2‐(3‐nitro(phenyl)amino)‐ cyclohexa‐2,5‐dien‐1,4‐dione as ET mediator, which accelerated FDH catalysis and improved its stability better, then other studied ABQs. The bioelectrocatalytic process was characterized by initial apparent maximum current density of 7.1 μA cm −2 at the optimal conditions (+400 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, McIlvaine's buffer, pH 5.0 and 20 °C). The findings of this research open new possibilities for development of cost‐effective biosensors with FDH and, potentially, with other redox enzymes.

Walter Rojas-Villacorta, Segundo Rojas-Flores, Magaly De La Cruz-Noriega et al.

Processes • 2022

Research on the use of microbial biosensors for monitoring wastewater contaminants is a topic that covers few publications compared to their applicability in other fields, such as biomedical research. For this reason, a systematic analysis of the topic was carried out, for which research-type articles were reviewed during the period 2012 to September 2022. For this, different search platforms were used, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, and Scopus, and through the use of search equations a relevant bibliography was located. After that, the research articles were selected based on exclusion criteria. As a result, it was found that, of the 126 articles, only 16 articles were strictly related to the topic, since there was a duplication of articles among the different databases. It was possible to demonstrate the usefulness of microorganisms as components of biosensors to monitor BOD, heavy metals, and inorganic contaminants in wastewater that also had a high sensitivity. Additionally, recombinant DNA techniques were shown to improve the performance of this type of biosensor and can finally be coupled to other emerging technologies, such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In conclusion, it was established that microbial biosensors have high acceptability and monitoring characteristics that make them a useful tool to detect low concentrations of pollutants in wastewater that can also provide results in real-time, thus generating forms of ecological safety and social responsibility in companies where wastewater is generated.

Jimil Mehta, Darshana Jhala, Dipak A. Jadhav et al.

Journal of Power Sources • 2025

Lei Hu, Yu-Chiao Huang, Yung-Jui Huang et al.

Nanotechnology • 2024

The study utilized transition metal chalcogenide, molybdenum diselenide (MoSe 2 ), for application in the field of bioelectrochemical sensing. The MoSe 2 was combined with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by chemical vapor deposition to enhance the specific surface area and improve the detection sensitivity. To further increase the contact area between the electrolyte and the electrode, photolithography techniques were employed to fabricate hive-shaped CNTs, thereby enhancing the specific surface area. Next, cholesterol oxidase (ChO x ) was coated onto the electrode material, creating a cholesterol biosensor. Cyclic voltammetry was utilized to detect the concentration of cholesterol. The experiment involved segmented testing for cholesterol concentrations ranging from 0 μ M to 10 mM. Excellent sensitivity, low detection limits, and high accuracy were achieved. In the cholesterol concentration range of 0 μ M-100 μ M, the experiment achieved the highest sensitivity of 4.44 μ A μ M⋅cm -2 . Consequently, all data indicated that ChO x /MoSe 2 /CNTs functioned as an excellent cholesterol sensor in the study.

Hairunnisa Ramli, N. F. A. Zainal, Michael Heß et al.

Chemistry Teacher International • 2022

Abstract We present a basic principle and good practices of the rheology of polymers, particularly for teachers or lecturers at colleges or universities for educational purposes, as well as for beginner researchers who may refer to this article as their self-learning resources. Basic consideration of the experimental methods using parallel-plate oscillatory rheometer and step-by-step guidelines for the estimation of the power law dependence of storage, G ′ and loss, G ″ modulus as well as the estimation of the relaxation time at f cross G ′ − G ′′ ${f}_{\,\mathrm{cross}}^{\,{G}^{\prime }-{G}^{\prime \prime }}$ at terminal zone using various approaches such as commercial graphical software, manual graphical approach and commercial rheometer software are highlighted. Good practices for data interpretation using different approaches are described and compared where the outcomes revealed the manual graphical approach or commercial graphical software yield comparable results with the commercial rheometer software. In order to have better insight, several examples and exercises which are applicable for teaching and self-learning activities are also provided.

Xian‐Shu Fu, Qian Wang, Biao Ma et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences • 2023

Avian influenza is caused by avian influenza virus infection; the H5N1 avian influenza virus is a highly pathogenic subtype, affecting poultry and human health. Since the discovery of the highly pathogenic subtype of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, it has caused enormous losses to the poultry farming industry. It was recently found that the H5N1 avian influenza virus tends to spread among mammals. Therefore, early rapid detection methods are highly significant for effectively preventing the spread of H5N1. This paper discusses the detection technologies used in the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, including serological detection technology, immunological detection technology, molecular biology detection technology, genetic detection technology, and biosensors. Comparisons of these detection technologies were analyzed, aiming to provide some recommendations for the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus.

Galina Pankratova, Dónal Leech, Lo Gorton et al.

Biochemistry • 2018

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) in microbial cells is essential for certain biotechnological applications and contributes to the biogeochemical cycling of elements and syntrophic microbial metabolism in complex natural environments. The Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium Enterococcus faecalis, an opportunistic human pathogen, is shown to be able to transfer electrons generated in fermentation metabolism to electrodes directly and indirectly via mediators. By exploiting E. faecalis wild-type and mutant cells it is demonstrated that reduced demethylmenaquinone in the respiratory chain in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is crucial for the EET. Heme-proteins are not involved and cytochrome bd oxidase activity was found to attenuate EET. These results are significant for the mechanistic understanding of EET in bacteria and for design of microbial electrochemical systems. The basic findings infer that in dense microbial communities, such as in biofilm and in the large intestine, metabolism in E. faecalis and similar Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria might be electrically connected to other microbes. Such an intercellular electron transfer might confer syntrophic metabolism that promote growth and other activities of bacteria in the microbiota of humans and animals.

Barry W. Ninham, Polina N. Bolotskova, Sergey V. Gudkov et al.

Polymers • 2020

When Nafion swells in water, colloidal particles are repelled from the polymer surface; this effect is called the formation exclusion zone (EZ), and the EZ size amounts to several hundred microns. However, still no one has investigated the EZ formation in a cell whose dimension is close to the EZ size. It was also shown that, upon swelling in water, Nafion fibers "unwind" into the water bulk. In the case of a cell of limited volume, unwound fibers abut against the cell windows, and water is completely pushed out from the region between the polymer and the cell window, resulting in a cavity appearance. The temporal dynamics of the collapse of this cavity was studied depending on the cell size. It is shown that the cavity formation occurs due to long-range forces between polymer strands. It turned out that this scenario depends on the isotopic composition of the water, ionic additives and water pretreatment. The role of nanobubbles in the formation and collapse of the cavity were analyzed. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that the EZ formation is precisely due to the unwinding of polymer fibers into the liquid bulk.

Hamidreza Barnamehei, P. Shamloo, N. Golfeshan et al.

Gait & Posture • 2020

Guiqing Wen, Jing Qi, Aihui Liang et al.

International Journal of Nanomedicine • 2018

This study demonstrated that the new SERS quantitative analysis method is of high sensitivity, good selectivity and simplicity. It has been applied to analysis of mAlb in urine, with satisfactory results.

Tugba Soganci Aras, Simge Durur Gumusay, Metin Ak

Reactive and Functional Polymers • 2021

Neeraj Kumar, Nagaraj P. Shetti, Somanath Jagannath et al.

Chemical Engineering Journal • 2021

Jinchi Li, Yuhan Hu, Zhuo Shi et al.

Talanta • 2026

Ramin Boroujerdi, Richard Paul

Chemosensors • 2022

There is significant demand for portable sensors that can deliver selective and sensitive measurement of ethanol on-site. Such sensors have application across many industries, including clinical and forensic work as well as agricultural and environmental analysis. Here, we report a new graphene–indium oxide electrochemical sensor for the determination of ethanol in aqueous samples. Graphene layers were functionalised by anchoring In2O3 to its surface and the developed composite was used as a selective electrochemical sensor for sensing ethanol through cyclic voltammetry. The detection limit of the sensor was 0.068 mol/L and it showed a linear response to increasing ethanol in the environment up to 1.2 mol/L. The most significant parameters involved and their interactions in the response of the sensor and optimization procedures were studied using a four-factor central composite design (CCD) combined with response surface modelling (RSM). The sensor was applied in the detection of ethanol in authentic samples.

Kuan Shiong Khoo, Wen Yi Chia, Doris Ying Ying Tang et al.

Energies • 2020

The world energy production trumped by the exhaustive utilization of fossil fuels has highlighted the importance of searching for an alternative energy source that exhibits great potential. Ongoing efforts are being implemented to resolve the challenges regarding the preliminary processes before conversion to bioenergy such as pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and cultivation of biomass. Nanotechnology has the ability to overcome the challenges associated with these biomass sources through their distinctive active sites for various reactions and processes. In this review, the potential of nanotechnology incorporated into these biomasses as an aid or addictive to enhance the efficiency of bioenergy generation has been reviewed. The fundamentals of nanomaterials along with their various bioenergy applications were discussed in-depth. Moreover, the optimization and enhancement of bioenergy production from lignocellulose, microalgae and wastewater using nanomaterials are comprehensively evaluated. The distinctive features of these nanomaterials contributing to better performance of biofuels, biodiesel, enzymes and microbial fuel cells are also critically reviewed. Subsequently, future trends and research needs are highlighted based on the current literature.

Jiaojiao Jiang, Zhixuan Zhang, Chong Yang et al.

RSC Advances • 2022

In this work, urchin-like NiCo 2 O 4 microspheres were prepared via a facile ionic liquid-assisted hydrothermal synthesis and used as non-enzymatic H 2 O 2 sensors for the first time. The porous structure and high surface area of the NiCo 2 O 4 microspheres provide plentiful active sites for electrocatalytic H 2 O 2 oxidation. When adapted into an electrochemical sensor for H 2 O 2 , the microsensors showed fast response of 4 s, a high sensitivity of 392.5 μA·mM -1 cm -2 , and a wide linear range towards H 2 O 2 (0-14 mM). The detection limit was as low as 0.05 μM, significantly lower than other published high performance NiCo 2 O 4 -based H 2 O 2 sensors. Furthermore, this non-enzymatic sensor exhibits good selectivity for H 2 O 2 . These results suggest that NiCo 2 O 4 microspheres could be a promising material for trace H 2 O 2 detection.

Kadi L. Saar, Paolo Bombelli, David J. Lea‐Smith et al.

Nature Energy • 2018

N. Golfeshan, Samirasadat Fatemigarakani, Fatemeh Aflatounian et al.

Gait & Posture • 2020

Xiaomeng Liu, Toshiyuki Ueki, Hongyan Gao et al.

Nature Communications • 2022

Employing renewable materials for fabricating clean energy harvesting devices can further improve sustainability. Microorganisms can be mass produced with renewable feedstocks. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to engineer microbial biofilms as a cohesive, flexible material for long-term continuous electricity production from evaporating water. Single biofilm sheet (~40 µm thick) serving as the functional component in an electronic device continuously produces power density (~1 μW/cm 2 ) higher than that achieved with thicker engineered materials. The energy output is comparable to that achieved with similar sized biofilms catalyzing current production in microbial fuel cells, without the need for an organic feedstock or maintaining cell viability. The biofilm can be sandwiched between a pair of mesh electrodes for scalable device integration and current production. The devices maintain the energy production in ionic solutions and can be used as skin-patch devices to harvest electricity from sweat and moisture on skin to continuously power wearable devices. Biofilms made from different microbial species show generic current production from water evaporation. These results suggest that we can harness the ubiquity of biofilms in nature as additional sources of biomaterial for evaporation-based electricity generation in diverse aqueous environments.

Vivek Pratap Hitaishi, Romain Clément, Nicolas Bourassin et al.

Catalysts • 2018

Redox enzymes, which catalyze reactions involving electron transfers in living organisms, are very promising components of biotechnological devices, and can be envisioned for sensing applications as well as for energy conversion. In this context, one of the most significant challenges is to achieve efficient direct electron transfer by tunneling between enzymes and conductive surfaces. Based on various examples of bioelectrochemical studies described in the recent literature, this review discusses the issue of enzyme immobilization at planar electrode interfaces. The fundamental importance of controlling enzyme orientation, how to obtain such orientation, and how it can be verified experimentally or by modeling are the three main directions explored. Since redox enzymes are sizable proteins with anisotropic properties, achieving their functional immobilization requires a specific and controlled orientation on the electrode surface. All the factors influenced by this orientation are described, ranging from electronic conductivity to efficiency of substrate supply. The specificities of the enzymatic molecule, surface properties, and dipole moment, which in turn influence the orientation, are introduced. Various ways of ensuring functional immobilization through tuning of both the enzyme and the electrode surface are then described. Finally, the review deals with analytical techniques that have enabled characterization and quantification of successful achievement of the desired orientation. The rich contributions of electrochemistry, spectroscopy (especially infrared spectroscopy), modeling, and microscopy are featured, along with their limitations.

Asim Ali Yaqoob, Asma Khatoon, Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar et al.

Catalysts • 2020

A wide variety of pollutants are discharged into water bodies like lakes, rivers, canal, etc. due to the growing world population, industrial development, depletion of water resources, improper disposal of agricultural and native wastes. Water pollution is becoming a severe problem for the whole world from small villages to big cities. The toxic metals and organic dyes pollutants are considered as significant contaminants that cause severe hazards to human beings and aquatic life. The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is the most promising, eco-friendly, and emerging technique. In this technique, microorganisms play an important role in bioremediation of water pollutants simultaneously generating an electric current. In this review, a new approach based on microbial fuel cells for bioremediation of organic dyes and toxic metals has been summarized. This technique offers an alternative with great potential in the field of wastewater treatment. Finally, their applications are discussed to explore the research gaps for future research direction. From a literature survey of more than 170 recent papers, it is evident that MFCs have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for various pollutants.

Gadiel Saper, Dan Kallmann, Felipe Conzuelo et al.

Nature Communications • 2018

Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms perform solar energy conversion of water and CO 2 to O 2 and sugar at a broad range of wavelengths and light intensities. These cells also metabolize sugars using a respiratory system that functionally overlaps the photosynthetic apparatus. In this study, we describe the harvesting of photocurrent used for hydrogen production from live cyanobacteria. A non-harmful gentle physical treatment of the cyanobacterial cells enables light-driven electron transfer by an endogenous mediator to a graphite electrode in a bio-photoelectrochemical cell, without the addition of sacrificial electron donors or acceptors. We show that the photocurrent is derived from photosystem I and that the electrons originate from carbohydrates digested by the respiratory system. Finally, the current is utilized for hydrogen evolution on the cathode at a bias of 0.65 V. Taken together, we present a bio-photoelectrochemical system where live cyanobacteria produce stable photocurrent that can generate hydrogen.

Selvakumar Palanisamy, Sayee Kannan Ramaraj, Shen‐Ming Chen et al.

Scientific Reports • 2017

In the present work, we demonstrate the fabrication of laccase biosensor to detect the catechol (CC) using laccase immobilized on graphene-cellulose microfibers (GR-CMF) composite modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The direct electrochemical behavior of laccase was investigated using laccase immobilized different modified SPCEs, such as GR/SPCE, CMF/SPCE and GR-CMF/SPCE. Compared with laccase immobilized GR and CMF modified SPCEs, a well-defined redox couple of Cu I /Cu II for laccase was observed at laccase immobilized GR-CMF composite modified SPCE. Cyclic voltammetry results show that the as-prepared biosensor has 7 folds higher catalytic activity with lower oxidation potential towards CC than SPCE modified with GR-CMF composite. Under optimized conditions, amperometric i-t method was used for the quantification of CC, and the amperometric response of the biosensor was linear over the concertation of CC ranging from 0.2 to 209.7 μM. The sensitivity, response time and the detection limit of the biosensor for CC is 0.932 μMμA -1 cm -2 , 2 s and 0.085 μM, respectively. The biosensor has high selectivity towards CC in the presence of potentially active biomolecules and phenolic compounds. The biosensor also accessed for the detection of CC in different water samples and shows good practicality with an appropriate repea.

Xiaoke Yang, Fuli Zhang, Xue-Ke Jin et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences • 2023

Glutamate (Glu) is the major excitatory transmitter in the nervous system. Impairment of its vesicular release by β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers is thought to participate in pathological processes leading to Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains unclear whether soluble Aβ 42 oligomers affect intravesicular amounts of Glu or their release in the brain, or both. Measurements made in this work on single Glu varicosities with an amperometric nanowire Glu biosensor revealed that soluble Aβ 42 oligomers first caused a dramatic increase in vesicular Glu storage and stimulation-induced release, accompanied by a high level of parallel spontaneous exocytosis, ultimately resulting in the depletion of intravesicular Glu content and greatly reduced release. Molecular biology tools and mouse models of Aβ amyloidosis have further established that the transient hyperexcitation observed during the primary pathological stage is mediated by an altered behavior of VGLUT1 responsible for transporting Glu into synaptic vesicles. Thereafter, an overexpression of Vps10p-tail-interactor-1a, a protein that maintains spontaneous release of neurotransmitters by selective interaction with t-SNAREs, resulted in a depletion of intravesicular Glu content, triggering advanced-stage neuronal malfunction. These findings are expected to open perspectives for remediating Aβ 42 -induced neuronal hyperactivity and neuronal degeneration.

Saad Abdullah, Sarah Tonello, Michela Borghetti et al.

Journal of Sensors • 2019

The demand for the development of swift, simple, and ultrasensitive biosensors has been increasing after the introduction of innovative approaches such as bioelectronics, nanotechnology, and electrochemistry. The possibility to correlate changes in electrical parameters with the concentration of protein biomarkers in biological samples is appealing to improve sensitivity, reliability, and repeatability of the biochemical assays currently available for protein investigation. Potentiostats are the required instruments to ensure the proper cell conditioning and signal processing in accurate electrochemical biosensing applications. In this light, this review is aimed at analyzing design considerations, electrical specifications, and measurement characteristics of potentiostats, specifically customized for protein detection. This review demonstrates how a proper potentiostat for protein quantification should be able to supply voltages in a range between few mV to few V, with high resolution in terms of readable current (in the order of 100 pA). To ensure a reliable quantification of clinically relevant protein concentrations (>1 ng/mL), the accuracy of the measurement (<1%) is significant and it can be ensured with proper digital-to-analog (10-16 bits) and analog-to-digital (10-24 bits) converters. Furthermore, the miniaturisation of electrochemical systems represents a key step toward portable, real-time, and fast point-of-care applications. This review is meant to serve as a guide for the design of customized potentiostats capable of a more proper and enhanced conditioning of electrochemical biosensors for protein detection.

Wanting Hao, Yuchan Zhang, Jingchuan Fan et al.

Molecules • 2019

Copper nanowires (Cu NWs) were modified with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets to obtain a sensor for simultaneous voltammetric determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and acetaminophen (AC). The nanocomposite was obtained via sonication, and its structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical oxidation activity of the materials (placed on a glassy carbon electrode) was studied by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Due to the synergistic effect of Cu NWs and GO, the specific surface, electrochemical oxidation performance and conductivity are improved when compared to each individual component. The peaks for AA (-0.08 V), DA (+0.16 V), and AC (+0.38 V) are well separated. The sensor has wide linear ranges which are from 1-60 μM, 1-100 μM, and 1-100 μM for AA, DA, and AC, respectively, when operated in the differential pulse voltammetric mode. The detection limits are 50, 410 and 40 nM, respectively. Potential interferences by uric acid (20 μM), glucose (10 mM), NaCl (1 mM), and KCl (1 mM) were tested for AA (1 μΜ), DA (1 μΜ), and AC (1 μΜ) and were found to be insignificant. The method was successfully applied to the quantification of AA, DA, and AC in spiked serum samples.

Aboi Igwaran, Adeoye John Kayode, Karabelo M. Moloantoa et al.

Water Air & Soil Pollution • 2024

Abstract Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cHABs) are increasingly becoming an emerging threat to aquatic life, ecotourism, and certain real estate investments. Their spontaneous yet sporadic occurrence has made mitigation measures a cumbersome task; moreover, current trends regarding anthropogenic activities, especially in agriculture and industry portend further undesirable events. Apart from the aesthetic degeneration they create in their respective habitats, they are equally capable of secreting toxins, which altogether present grave environmental and medical consequences. In this paper, we gave an update on factors that influence cHABs, cyanotoxin exposure routes, and environmental public health implications, especially impacts on fish, pets, and livestock. We discussed social economic impacts, risk assessment, and management problems for cHABs and, thereafter, assessed the extant management approaches including prevention, control, and mitigation of the proliferation of cyanobacterial blooms. In light of this, we suggest that more intensified research should be directed to the standardization of procedures for cyanotoxin analysis. Also, the provision of standardized reference material for the quantification of cyanotoxins is vital for routine monitoring as well as the development of strong in situ sensors capable of quantifying and detecting HABs cells and toxins in waterbodies to prevent the adverse impacts of cHABs. Also, more investigations into the natural and environmentally friendly approach to cyanobacteria management and the necessary and appropriate deployment of artificial intelligence are required. Finally, we wish to redirect the focus of public health authorities to protecting drinking water supply sources, agriculture products, and food sources from cyanotoxins contamination as well as to implement proper monitoring and treatment procedures to protect citizens from this potential health threat.

Fereshteh Bagheri, Hamidreza Barnamehei, Mohamadreza Kharazi et al.

Gait & Posture • 2020

Hongyong Xiang, Qinghua Cai, Yuan Li et al.

Journal of Sensors • 2020

Water is essential for every life living on the planet. However, we are facing a more serious situation such as water pollution since the industrial revolution. Fortunately, many efforts have been done to alleviate/restore water quality in freshwaters. Numerous sensors have been developed to monitor the dynamic change of water quality for ecological, early warning, and protection reasons. In the present review, we briefly introduced the pollution status of two major pollutants, i.e., pesticides and heavy metals, in freshwaters worldwide. Then, we collected data on the sensors applied to detect the two categories of pollutants in freshwaters. Special focuses were given on the sensitivity of sensors indicated by the limit of detection (LOD), sensor types, and applied waterbodies. Our results showed that most of the sensors can be applied for stream and river water. The average LOD was 72.53 ± 12.69 ng/ml ( n = 180 ) for all pesticides, which is significantly higher than that for heavy metals ( 65.36 ± 47.51 ng/ml, n = 117 ). However, the LODs of a considerable part of pesticides and heavy metal sensors were higher than the criterion maximum concentration for aquatic life or the maximum contaminant limit concentration for drinking water. For pesticide sensors, the average LODs did not differ among insecticides ( 63.83 ± 17.42 ng/ml, n = 87 ), herbicides ( 98.06 ± 23.39 ng/ml, n = 71 ), and fungicides ( 24.60 ± 14.41 ng/ml, n = 22 ). The LODs that differed among sensor types with biosensors had the highest sensitivity, while electrochemical optical and biooptical sensors showed the lowest sensitivity. The sensitivity of heavy metal sensors varied among heavy metals and sensor types. Most of the sensors were targeted on lead, cadmium, mercury, and copper using electrochemical methods. These results imply that future development of pesticides and heavy metal sensors should (1) enhance the sensitivity to meet the requirements for the protection of aquatic ecosystems and human health and (2) cover more diverse pesticides and heavy metals especially those toxic pollutants that are widely used and frequently been detected in freshwaters (e.g., glyphosate, fungicides, zinc, chromium, and arsenic).

Yun Mun Lim, Varghese Swamy, N. Ramakrishnan et al.

Microchemical Journal • 2023

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major source of air pollution, significantly affecting both human health and the environment. These VOCs from wastewater can enter the atmosphere through air–water exchange and pose a great threat to human health, as the quality of our environment has consequences for agriculture, drinking water, pollution, greenhouse effect, and so on. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of many techniques for detecting VOCs. Recent research has explored the integration of various detectors with GC, such as mass spectrometers, flame ionization detectors, ion mobility spectrometers, and thermal conductivity detectors. While GC remains a cornerstone in VOC detection, other techniques are also gaining significant attention. Notably, emerging technologies such as different types of E-nose and acoustic wave sensing devices offer promising results for VOC detection. Additionally, the evolution of data processing for VOCs through statistical and numerical methods, as well as the incorporation of artificial intelligence methodologies with smart sensing devices, further broadens the horizon of VOC detection and quantification. Apart from the well-established GC suite of experimental VOC detection and measurement tools, much progress has recently been made in the development of relatively inexpensive and portable semiconductor metal oxides-, conducting polymers-, and carbon nanomaterials-based E-nose and surface acoustic wave sensing devices for VOC sensing and quantification. Another significant development in wastewater VOC detection and characterization is the adoption of artificial intelligence tools such as machine learning and deep learning that have shown great promise towards automation and ability to deal with large and complex VOC analysis. This article provides valuable insights into the development of methodologies for monitoring VOCs in wastewater. The review outlines the advantages and limitations of different VOCs detection techniques as well as the challenges associated with VOCs monitoring in wastewater. Our aim is to provide guidance from a methodology perspective for researchers and practitioners working in the field of wastewater management and environmental monitoring, highlighting areas for future research and development. The insights presented will aid in the development of more accurate and efficient VOC monitoring methods for wastewater, thereby helping to protect human health and the environment.

Ezzat G. Bakhoum, Cheng Zhang

Micromachines • 2023

Nanoporous gold (NPG) has excellent catalytic activity and has been used in the recent literature on this issue as a sensor in various electrochemical and bioelectrochemical reactions. This paper reports on a new type of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) that utilizes NPG as a gate electrode. Both n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs with NPG gate electrodes have been fabricated. The MOSFETs can be used as sensors and the results of two experiments are reported: the detection of glucose and the detection of carbon monoxide. A detailed comparison of the performance of the new MOSFET to that of the older generation of MOSFETs fitted with zinc oxide gate electrodes is given.

Marin Sawa, Andrea Fantuzzi, Paolo Bombelli et al.

Nature Communications • 2017

Microbial biophotovoltaic cells exploit the ability of cyanobacteria and microalgae to convert light energy into electrical current using water as the source of electrons. Such bioelectrochemical systems have a clear advantage over more conventional microbial fuel cells which require the input of organic carbon for microbial growth. However, innovative approaches are needed to address scale-up issues associated with the fabrication of the inorganic (electrodes) and biological (microbe) parts of the biophotovoltaic device. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of using a simple commercial inkjet printer to fabricate a thin-film paper-based biophotovoltaic cell consisting of a layer of cyanobacterial cells on top of a carbon nanotube conducting surface. We show that these printed cyanobacteria are capable of generating a sustained electrical current both in the dark (as a 'solar bio-battery') and in response to light (as a 'bio-solar-panel') with potential applications in low-power devices.

Celia García-Hernández, C. Garcı́a, Fernando Martín et al.

Food Chemistry • 2019

Joshua T. Atkinson, Lin Su, Xu Zhang et al.

Nature • 2022

Seydanur Yücer, Begüm Sarac, Fatih Çiftçi

npj 2D Materials and Applications • 2025

Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a groundbreaking class of materials with wide-ranging applications across biotechnology, bioelectronics, and tissue engineering. With their unique properties such as high surface area, tunable porosity, and flexibility in incorporating various metal ions, MOFs are instrumental in advancing the capabilities of bioelectronic sensors, tissue scaffolds, and biomedical imaging technologies. In biosensing, MOFs enable highly sensitive detection of biomolecules, including glucose, DNA, and proteins, by facilitating selective molecular interactions. This is particularly crucial for wearable technologies, where early detection of physiological changes is essential for timely diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. MOFs’ adjustable porosity allows for selective adsorption of biomolecules, making them highly promising in biosensor development. Additionally, MOF-based sensors exhibit outstanding biocompatibility and mechanical strength, which are critical for seamless integration into wearable substrates. MOFs have also shown great potential in tissue engineering, where they enhance the functionality of scaffolds through their ability to load and release bioactive molecules. This controlled release mechanism is pivotal for promoting tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, and even drug delivery for cancer therapies. The versatility of MOFs in modulating physical properties such as mechanical strength, coupled with their capacity for functionalization, opens new avenues for creating bioactive scaffolds tailored to specific biomedical needs. In the realm of biomedical imaging, MOFs contribute significantly as contrast agents, particularly in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Their high surface area and tunable structure improve the precision and clarity of imaging, making them indispensable for enhancing diagnostic accuracy. MOFs also enable the development of multimodal imaging systems, combining diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities into a single platform. Furthermore, MOFs are being explored for their bioelectrochemical properties, where their integration into electrodes enhances the efficiency of biosensors and energy storage devices. The synergistic effects of MOFs with nanomaterials such as MXenes and carbon-based substances boost their electrocatalytic activity, which is crucial for applications in wearable sensors and bioelectronic systems. The future of MOF-based materials is promising, particularly as researchers focus on improving their biocompatibility, scalability, and operational stability. With further development, MOFs are expected to revolutionize the fields of bioelectronics, tissue engineering, and biomedical imaging, offering innovative solutions to some of the most pressing challenges in medical science.

Seonghui Kim, Chungeun Jeong, Suengmok Cho et al.

Foods • 2019

Calcium alginate gel (CAG) has been widely investigated for the development of artificial foods; however, there are few studies on its thermal stability. This study aimed to monitor changes in the physical properties of CAG beads during heat treatment using response surface methodology. Heating temperature (X 1 , 40-100 °C) and heating time (X 2 , 5-60 min) were chosen as independent variables. The dependent variables were rupture strength (Y 1 , kPa), size (Y 2 , μm), and sphericity (Y 3 , %). The heating temperature (X 1 ) was the independent variable that had a significant effect on the rupture strength (Y 1 ) and size (Y 2 ). Rupture strength (Y 1 ) increased as the heating temperature (X 1 ) increased; at the same time, the CAG beads size (Y 2 ) decreased. With all conditions, the values of sphericity (Y 3 ) were over 94%. SEM images revealed that increase in the rupture strength of the CAG beads by heat treatment resulted from their porous structures. Loss of moisture by syneresis, occurring with heat treatment, was judged to create a dense porous structure of CAG beads. Our findings offer useful information for cooking or sterilizing food products utilizing CAG beads. In addition, thermal treatment could be applied to produce hard CAG beads with a high rupture strength.

Franc Paré, Mingyue Pan, Oscar Guerrero‐Sodric et al.

ChemElectroChem • 2025

As a key parameter, pH has received a lot of attention from the sensing perspective. New materials and technologies are being used to produce state of the art devices capable of tracking it. However, most generic sensors lack the applicability that certain applications require. In this article, 3D printing technology is used to its full potential to produce electrodes, which are modified into pH sensors and reference electrodes, with shapre‐driven additional functionality for monitoring ammonia recovery in a bioreactor. The 3D‐printed electrodes are modified with a layer of iridium oxide to be turned into pH sensitive devices. Their characterization showed their characteristic super‐Nernstian response (−77 ± 0.2 mV pH −1 ), high reproducibility (RSD < 5%) between sensors and repeatability (RSD < 2%) between measurements. Moreover, the sensors are stable for at least 20 days and tunable in length. All of this results in the sensors being built into a functional shape and tested to monitor the performance of an ammonia‐producing bioelectrochemical reactor.